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78 power output: IR = Solar Field Cost + Power Cycle Cost Net Power Output [5.2.21] IR is minimized to find the optimum system configuration. The net power output is generally considered a design constraint and held constant during optimization. Power cycle performance is constrained by heat exchanger allocation and system operating pressure (an optimization parameter). The allocation of heat exchanger area refers to the amount of total heat exchanger area used for each heat exchange process (evaporation, superheating, etc.). Varying the allocation of heat exchanger area allows the design power output to be achieved as total heat exchanger area varies, in effect moving along a line of constant power seen in Figure 5.2. By considering only the total heat exchanger area in equation [5.2.20], it is implicitly assumed that all heat exchanger area is of equivalent unit cost. It would be possible to include specific costs for heat exchanger allocation into the cost functions if these data were available. A dimensionless normalized investment ratio, NIR, is defined as follows in order to compare different designs: NIR = IR ⋅100 [5.2.22] IRref The working fluids and solar field heat transfer fluids that are currently being used or proposed for use in PTSPs have limited temperature operating ranges. In order to ensure the optimization routines do not violate these physical limits, the solar field outlet temperature is fixed at the lowest maximum stable operating point for the HTF and WF. This temperature is chosen because maximizing thermal resource temperature is necessary to maximize opportunity for cycle efficiency improvement. Fixing solar field outlet temperature requires the solar collector area to vary as solar field inlet conditions vary. Solar field size for each power cycle configuration is computed using a version of the Hottel-Whillier equation, which incorporates estimated thermal losses and the relation between inlet and outlet temperatures [Beckman and Duffie, 1992]:PDF Image | Organic Rankine Cycle Solar-Thermal Powerplants
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