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152 NTU. TRNSYS is used here to examine the compounding impact of this coupling over a longer period and subject to weather variation. The indirect heat exchanger (Type 998) calculates storage fluid flow rate such that the capacitance rates of the fluids in the heat exchanger are approximately matched. Figure 7.13 shows the results of a three-day simulation of a solar powerplant with fully indirect stratified storage using the fixed-rate control strategy. Integrated system output and system efficiency are reported as a function of heat exchanger UA. Efficiency in this case is the ratio of integrated output and the integrated output achieved with a perfect heat exchanger. UA is used as the independent variable rather than NTU because fluid flow rates vary as dictated by the control strategy and available insolation. This variation in flow implies that NTU also varies during a given simulation run. Heat exchanger UA was taken to be a constant in this case. However, during normal simulation UA will vary with fluid flow rate as described in Appendix C. System output and efficiency are shown in Figure 7.13 to degrade with reductions in heat exchanger UA. This is a result of two phenomena: low heat exchanger UA results in more heat exchanger availability destruction (see section 7.1) as well as leading to higher average solar field operating temperatures during charging which increases solar field losses. The low heat transfer fluid temperatures produced by low UA heat exchangers also results in decreased power cycle efficiency. Unlike the curves shown in Figures 7.2 and 7.3 which decrease rapidly at very low values of NTU, system efficiency in the simulation limits to a value of ~70%. This limit is a product of the fixed-rate control strategy. In fixed-rate operation a large amount of heat transfer fluid is diverted directly from the solar field to the power cycle and is unaffected by storage system inefficiencies. The limit observed in Figure 7.13 indicates the point where storage system efficiency has gone to zero and remaining output is due solely to fluid diverted directly from the solar field.PDF Image | Organic Rankine Cycle Solar-Thermal Powerplants
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