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Absorption Technology (For temperatures between 200oF and 400oF) Absorption technology uses thermal energy rather than mechanical shaft energy for its operation. Absorption units are referred to as absorption chillers when used to provide air conditioning or refrigeration using waste heat as an energy source. The same technology is referred to as Type-I absorption heat pumps when used for heating. Absorption chillers/heaters are designed to switch between heating and cooling modes. Absorption chillers and Type I heat pumps are most economical when using a waste heat source ranging from approximately about 200oF to 400oF, especially if there is a need for simultaneous heating and cooling. The waste heat source can be low pressure steam or a hot gaseous or liquid stream. The operating temperatures of absorption units vary depending on the working fluid. Lithium bromide-based chillers can cool down to about 40oF, while ammonia-based chillers can cool down to about 10oF. Type I heat pumps can have output temperatures up to about 200oF and achieve a maximum temperature lift up to about 120oF. Another less common type of absorption technology is the Type-II absorption heat pump, also known as a heat transformer. Heat transformers take waste heat at an intermediate temperature that is too low to be useable and upgrade a portion of it to a higher useable temperature. A portion of the heat must also be rejected to a lower temperature heat sink. Up to about half the heat of the waste heat source can be upgraded. Heat transformers can have output temperatures up to about 300oF. Lithium bromide based units can achieve temperature lifts of 45oF to 90oF from waste heat sources at temperatures of 175oF to 200oF. Absorption technology is experiencing resurgence with the growing interest in waste heat recovery. U.S. manufacturers have introduced expanded lines of absorption chillers and chiller/heaters ranging from 3 tons to more than 1,500 tons. Moderate Temperature Combined Heat and Power (For temperatures between 200oF and 1000oF) Technologies for generating electricity from moderate temperature heat sources include Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) systems and Kalina cycle systems. With all combined heat and power (CHP) technologies, the capacity and cost effectiveness of the system will generally increase with source temperature. CHP systems for moderate temperatures have greater installation costs than reciprocating engines of the same size, but the greater installed cost may be offset by lower maintenance costs and the zero fuel costs of waste heat recovery. ORC systems can be compared to conventional steam turbine systems, with the primary difference being that its working fluid is a refrigerant instead of water. The operating temperatures of ORCs vary depending on the manufacturers’ design but typically range 4PDF Image | Overview of Industrial Waste Heat Recovery
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