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between 300oF and about 750oF. At least three manufacturers – Infinity, Pratt & Whitney (owned by UTC), and ElectraTherm – build ORC systems that can operate with waste heat temperatures less than 200°F. Typically, installed costs will range from $2,000 to $4,000 per kilowatt and can be as low as about $1,300 per kilowatt for the “HVAC- derivative” units now appearing on the market. ORCs have been used in geothermal applications and as the bottoming cycle for steam power plants for over 40 years. Industrial waste heat recovery systems using ORC turbines at cement kilns and compressor stations have been operating since 1999. The Kalina cycle technology, distributed by Raser Technologies in the U.S., is practical over a wider temperature range – 250oF to 1000oF – compared to the ORC and is 20% to 40% more efficient than either an ORC or a steam turbine for temperature sources less than 1000oF. Installed costs typically range from $2,000 to $3,000 per kilowatt. Like the ORC, the Kalina cycle has been used at geothermal plants and as the bottoming cycle of gas turbine and steam power plants. Kalina cycles using industrial waste heat as an energy source have been operating trouble-free since 1999 at a steel plant, and since 2005 at a hydrocarbon plant. Manufacturers Manufacturers of technologies discussed are listed below. Some manufacturers may have been inadvertently omitted and investigation of possible others is encouraged. Inclusion of a manufacturer on this list does not constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the CHP Application Center or its cooperating agencies. Closed-Cycle Mechanical Heat Pumps and Absorption Technology U.S. manufacturers of industrial closed-cycle mechanical heat pumps include Nyle Corporation and Colmac Coil Manufacturing. International manufacturers include Sanyo (Japanese) and Friotherm (Sweden). U.S. manufacturers of industrial absorption technology include Broad Air Conditioning, Carrier Corporation, Cention Corporation, Energen, Energy Concepts, McQuay International, Robur, Trane, Thermax, Inc., Yazaki Energy Systems, Inc., and York International. International manufacturers and suppliers include Institute for Energy Technology (Norway) and Rinheat-Ahlstrom (Finland). Organic Rankine Cycle Turbine Systems Manufacturers of ORC systems available in the U.S. include Infinity Turbine, Ormat, Pratt & Whitney (owned by UTC), ElectraTherm, Cryostar, and Barber-Nichols. ORCs manufactured by Italy’s Turboden are now available in the U.S. through GPM, Inc. Other European manufacturers include Tri-O-Gen, Adoratec, Freepower and GMK. Kalina Cycle Turbine Systems The Kalina cycle technology is distributed by Raser Technologies in the U.S. 5PDF Image | Overview of Industrial Waste Heat Recovery Less Than 1000F
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