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Jacket cooling Exhaust gases Thermal oil loop P (a) P P Splittler (b) Turbine Condenser V. Minea / Applied Thermal Engineering 69 (2014) 143e154 153 ORC cycle Internal combustion engine Flue gases E P Cooling fluid Oil heater Biomass Boiler Evaporator Expander Recuperator Water condenser P Air preheater Combustion air Fig. 11. Schematic representation of heat recovery with ORC machines; (a) from an internal combustion engine [9]; (b) from a biomass boiler with a single-stage ORC combined heating-power system [27]. investment costs for machinery such as steam boilers is overcome thanks to the low working pressures in ORC power plants. The ORC process also helps overcome the relatively small amount of input fuel available in many areas because it is possible to operate a smaller-sized ORC power plant efficiently. ORC units make it possible to generate electric power and heat from the biomass in a simple and efficient manner [9]. In the case of combined heat and power systems, for example, higher flue gas temperature at the outlet of the boiler is required to heat thermal oil to 300 C. Consequently, to increase the overall energy efficiency of ORC plants, the heat rejected by the condenser must be used for industrial (wood drying, greenhouse and fish farm heating) or district heating, and additional heat exchangers are required to preheat, for example, the ORC working fluid and com- bustion air. Using waste heat with an ORC system as a bottoming cycle that utilizes the waste heat from the condenser at tempera- tures above 200 C may provide a return on investment within two years or even less, which is shorter than with a conventional cycle [27]. Gas compression stations generate a lot of waste heat. A typical gas compression station has many heat sources, some of which need to be cooled (inter-cooling of compressors), so there is a double benefit in both producing electrical power from the heat generated and reducing the cooling power loads on the existing system. 6. Conclusions This article presents a number of experimental results obtained with a small-scale beta-prototype 50 kWe ORC machine using HFC- 245fa as a working fluid. It converts low-grade waste heat or renewable energy at inlet temperatures ranging between 85 C and 116 C into electricity, using a cooling fluid at temperatures varying from 15 C to 30 C. To achieve superheating amounts lower than 4e5 C at the evaporator outlet, the speed of the organic fluid feed pump has been set to theoretically vary between 0 and 60 Hz. Under these thermal operating conditions, the net power output and net heat-to-electricity energetic conversion efficiency rate varied between 22.3 kWe and 39.9 kWe, and from 6.62% to 7.57%, respectively. With waste heat inlet temperatures higher than 116 C, the net conversion factor may reach 10% or more. This article also confirms that both net power output and en- ergetic conversion efficiency depend on the cooling fluid inlet EconomizerPDF Image | Power generation with ORC machines low-grade waste heat
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