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154 V. Minea / Applied Thermal Engineering 69 (2014) 143e154 temperatures, i.e. on ambient thermal conditions. For example, at References the same waste heat source inlet temperature (ex: 90 C), the expander electrical power output increased by about 28.3% when the cooling fluid inlet temperature dropped from 30 C to 15 C. Also, with the waste heat inlet temperature remaining constant at 85 C and 105 C, the average net conversion efficiency rate decreased by 15.3% and 14.6%, respectively, when the cooling fluid inlet temperature increased from 15 C (typical cold climate winter conditions) to 30 C (maximum summer outdoor temperature). The evaporator superheating impact on the ORC-50 machine’s oper- ating parameters and energy performance was experimentally investigated by setting the feed pump speed to vary from minimum 0 and maximum 37 Hz for all waste heat inlet temperatures above 105 C, while varying the cooling fluid inlet temperatures between 15 C and 30 C. By fixing the feed pump speed at maximum 37 Hz, with waste heat inlet temperatures between 105 and 116 C, excessive superheating amounts (i.e. between 14 and 25 C) have been recorded. The organic fluid flow rate sharply dropped, as well as the pressure of the superheated vapour at the expander inlet port, while the expander inlet temperatures began to excessively increase. As a consequence of reducing the organic fluid flow rate and of excessively increasing the evaporator vapour superheat, the net power output and the heat-to-electricity energetic net con- version efficiency rate stopped increasing at waste heat inlet tem- peratures above 105 C, for all cooling fluid inlet temperatures. Acknowledgements The author wishes to acknowledge Hydro-Québec Customer Innovation Department for its support and funding, young scientist researchers Emmanuel Cayer, Marc-André Richard and Éric Le COURTOIS, as well as former Hydro-Québec technician Marcel DÉRY for their outstanding contributions to the project. The author also wishes to acknowledge the North American developer and manufacturer, as well as all local mechanical, electrical and control contractors and engineering firms for their technical support. Nomenclature AD additional EES engineering energy solver GPM US gallon per minute HCFC hydrochlorofluorocarbon HFC hydrofluorocarbure HP horse-power kWe electrical kW MVA mega volt Ampere pre-heat pre-heater rpm rotations per minute T temperature (C or K) Superscript and subscript a ambient en energetic evap evaporator ex exergetic exp expander IN inlet OF organic fluid OFP organic fluid feed pump OUT outlet P pressure Tot total [1] Stricker Associates Inc., Market study on waste heat and requirements for cooling and refrigeration in Canadian industry (Main report), 2006. [2] R.E. Sonntag, C. Borgnakke, G.J. Van Wylen, Fundamentals of Thermody- namics, John Wiley & Sons, 2003. [3] T. Nugyen, P. Johnson, M. Mochizuki, Design, manufacture and testing of a closed cycle thermosyphon Rankine engine, Heat Recov. Syst. CHP 5 (1995) 333. [4] F.G. Best, S.B. Riffat, Miniature combined heat and power system, Renew. Energy 6 (1995) 49e51. [5] J.L. Wolpert, S.B. 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