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Of the three types of geothermal power plants online today – dry-steam, flash-steam, and binary – only the first two are likely to emit any measurable amounts of GHGs. When comparing the CO2 emissions data obtained from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Energy Information Administration (EIA) for coal and natural gas power plants, the average rate of carbon dioxide emissions for coal-fired power plants and natural gas power plants are 2200 lbs CO2/MWh and 861 lbs CO2/MWh, respectively. Geothermal systems, on the other hand, produce significantly less emissions, approximately ≈197 lbs CO2/MWh.12 Table 1 shows more information on emissions levels for Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Particulate Matter, Sulfur Dioxide, and Nitrous Oxide and how emissions from geothermal compare to natural gas and coal. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) As with natural geothermal emissions, the most commonly released gas from geothermal power plants is carbon dioxide as shown in Table 1. Because geothermal systems are natural sources of CO2, isolating the CO2 attributable to human activities is often difficult. The amount of carbon dioxide found in the geothermal fluid can vary depending on location, and the amount of carbon dioxide actually released into the atmosphere can vary depending on plant design. This makes it difficult to generalize about the amount of carbon dioxide emitted by an average geothermal power plant. For example, binary plants with air cooling are a closed-loop system and emit no carbon dioxide, as geothermal fluids are never exposed to the atmosphere. However, even without discounting the non-anthropogenic emissions the overall comparative amount of CO2 from geothermal plants is from small to nil, depending on technology utilized with binary power technology emitting essentially zero GHG emissions. Methane (CH4) Methane is another common greenhouse gas emitted naturally from geothermal systems, but those emissions are minimal. In Table 1, methane emissions from geothermal plants do not even register on the table because they are several orders of magnitude smaller than coal and natural gas methane emissions. Particulate Matter (2.5 and 10 micrometers) Particulate matter is a complex mixture of extremely small particles and liquid droplets. Particle pollution is made up of a number of components, including acids (such as nitrates and sulfates), organic chemicals, metals, and soil or dust particles. Particles that are 10 micrometers in diameter or less can pass through the human throat and nose, enter the lungs, and cause severe negative health consequences.13 Geothermal plants emit small amounts of PM from cooling towers, but these emissions are negligible compared to the PM emissions from fossil fuels. Nitrous Oxide (N2O) and Nitrogen Oxides (NOX) Nitrous Oxide is part of a larger family of atmospheric pollutants referred to as the Nitrogen Oxides, or NOX. Since geothermal power plants do not burn fossil fuels, they emit very low levels of nitrous oxide. Geothermal plants are generally required by law (with some variation from state to state) to capture hydrogen sulfide emissions and either burn the gas or convert it to elemental sulfur. If burned, the 12 Based on publicly available CARB emissions data and net generation data from CEC, this value is the average emissions rate calculated from fifteen reporting geothermal facilities in California for reporting year 2010. 13 EPA 2013a 8PDF Image | Promoting Geothermal Energy
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