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combustion process creates small amounts of nitrogen oxides, but these amounts are several orders of magnitude smaller than the N2O emissions generated by coal or natural gas.14 Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) and Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) While geothermal plants do not emit sulfur dioxide directly, once hydrogen sulfide is released as a gas into the atmosphere, it disperses in the air and oxidizes to sulfur dioxide and sulfuric acid. Hydrogen sulfide, identifiable by its distinctive rotten egg smell, remains the pollutant of greatest concern for geothermal energy production. Since 1976, geothermal power plants have tackled this problem by installing Hydrogen Sulfide Abatement Systems, Stretford or LoCAT, which can remove over 99.9 percent of the hydrogen sulfide from geothermal non-condensable gases.15 These systems convert hydrogen sulfide to elemental sulfur, which can then be used as a soil amendment and fertilizer feedstock. Today, geothermal dry-steam and flash power plants produce only minimal sulfur dioxide emissions or about 0.0002 lbs/MWh for dry-steam and about 0.35 lbs/MWh for flash plants.16 Meanwhile, binary geothermal power plants generally release no hydrogen sulfide or sulfur emissions. Table 1: Emissions Levels by Pollutant and Energy Source [lbs /M Wh] DRY STEAM FLASH BINARY NATURAL GAS COAL CO2 59.82 396.3 - 861.1 2200 CH4 0.0000 0.0000 - 0.0168 0.2523 PM2.5 - - - 0.1100 0.5900 PM10 - - - 0.1200 0.7200 SO2 0.0002 0.3500 - 0.0043 18.75 N2O 0.0000 0.0000 - 0.0017 0.0367 Source: Climate Registry 2012, EIA 2013c, EPA 2009, EPA 2011, NRC 2010 Geothermal plants emit such miniscule amounts of CH4 and N2O17 that while they were used in calculations, they do not appear in Table 1. There are some PM2.5 and PM10 emissions for geothermal plants from the cooling towers, however, they are insignificant when compared to fossil fuel PM emissions. Lastly, binary power plants emit essentially zero GHG emissions except for the miniscule amounts of PM emissions from the cooling towers. Benefits of Geothermal Power Decisions about electricity choices are often based upon the lowest consumer cost. This does not take into account a variety of other factors including: value of the reliability of the power system, cost to integrate the resource into the power system, future prices and price volatility, land use, conflict with competing social values, the cost of subsidies paid by governments or taxpayers, security implications, and more. Properly accounting for them greatly improves the prospects for geothermal power by comparison. 14 Holm et al. 2012 15 Ibid. 16 CARB 2012 17 CH4 emissions ≈2.2 x 10-6 and ≈7.9 x 10-6 lbs/MWh for dry steam and flash respectively, N2O emissions ≈3.1 x 10-7 and ≈1.4 x 10-6 lbs/MWh for dry steam and flash respectively 9PDF Image | Promoting Geothermal Energy
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