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Figure 3: Greenhouse Gas Emissions Level Calculations Coal CO2 Emission Factor (Per Unit Mass or Volume) Unit Consumption for Electricity Generation Unit Net Generation [MWh] Emission Level [lbs/MWh] CO2 1862.12 kg CO2 / short ton 928,857,000 short tons 1,733,430,000 2200 SO2 35 lbs / short ton 928,857,000 short tons 1,733,430,000 18.75 N2O 0.0016 kg N2O/ mmBTU 18,035,200,000 mmBtu 1,733,430,000 0.0367 CH4 0.011 kg CH4 / mmBTU 18,035,200,000 mmBtu 1,733,430,000 0.2523 Natural Gas CO2 Emission Factor (Per Unit Mass or Volume) Unit Consumption for Electricity Generation Unit Net Generation [MWh] Emission Level [lbs/MWh] CO2 0.0545 kg CO2 / scf 7,265,194,000,000 cubic feet 1,013,689,000 861.1 SO2 0.6 lbs /mmcf 7,265,194 mmcf 1,013,689,000 0.0043 N2O 0.0001 kg N2O/ mmBTU 7,712,100,000 mmBtu 1,013,689,000 0.0017 CH4 0.001 kg CH4 / mmBTU 7,712,100,000 mmBtu 1,013,689,000 0.0168 Source: EPA 2009, EPA 2013b, Climate Registry 2012, EIA 2013c, EIA 2013d, EIA 2013e, EIA 2013f After the emission levels were estimated, these values were multiplied by the amount of electricity produced in a given year by geothermal technology type to identify if the same electricity were to be produced by natural gas or coal, the equivalent GHG emissions. The calculation below was made for coal and gas: GHG Emission Level (lbs/MWh) X DS Power (MWh) = GHG Emissions (lbs) GHG Emission Level (lbs/MWh) X Flash Power (MWh) = GHG Emissions (lbs) GHG Emission Level (lbs/MWh) X Binary Power (MWh) = GHG Emissions (lbs) Step 5 Total Geo Emissions of all atmospheric pollutants and GHGs from geothermal were subtracted from the emissions estimated in Step 4. The calculation below was made for coal and gas: GHG Emissions (lbs) – DS, Flash, or Binary Emissions (lbs) = Adjusted GHG Emissions Step 6 Step 6 is a list of market values for the ‘cost’ [$/ metric ton] for each GHG. The next section contains a list of these sources. For consistency, in the final calculation the lowest market price available for each atmospheric pollutant is used in GEA’s estimation. Additionally, choosing low prices for the calculation eliminates bias. Most of these market prices are in 2007 dollars, so a simple calculation using the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) inflation calculator adjusted the prices to 2013 dollars. Step 7 Lastly, the price per metric ton is multiplied by the estimated emissions from a specific fuel source in Step 5, thus providing a total dollar figure that represents the benefit per year of using geothermal power to generate the electricity instead of a fossil fuel. By dividing that value by the total average yearly power generated determined in Step 1, a $/kWh figure is determined. The calculation below was made for coal and gas: “Cost” x Adjust GHG Emissions = Total Cost in terms of US$ Total Cost in terms of US$ / Avg. Geo Energy = Benefit of Geo Energy (cents/kWh) 12PDF Image | Promoting Geothermal Energy
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