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turbineisneededto: (1)accommodatethehighdesignpressure ratios, and (21 deliver good part load efficiency. The aero- dynamics of radial and axial flow turbine configurations differ only in that three dimensional blades are needed in the axial turbine to handle the centrifugal effect. A best fit curve was drawn through the data of Figure 4. Also on this graph, points were plotted which represent the last stageofseveralET1radialoutflowturbines. TheET1turbines show a slight improvement over the previous state of the art. This is primarily the result of the development of manufacturing techniques to produce more accurate blade profiles and the use of proportionately smaller blade tip clearances. A curve represent- ing the last stage performance of ETI's radial outflow turbine was drawn on Figure 4-parallel to the state-of-the-art curve. The equation of the curve which determines the last stage effi- ciency is as follows: Q1 0.650 Re0 TURBINE EFFICIENCY (DRY) To estimate overall turbine ?fficiency from the last stage efficiency, two principal factors must be accounted for: 1. The number of stages. 2. ?he level of moisture in the turbine expansion. Turbine performance, as a function of the number of stages forafixedpressureratio,isdiscussedinalatersection. Near optimum performance in a subsonic, multi-stage design occurs at a stage pressure ratio (inlet pressure divided by exit pressure) ofapproximatelyavalueoftwo. Baseduponthisassumption,an equation for the number of stages in a civen turbine design was written: In the above equation, X is always rounded to the nearest integ;.r. x = 1.4 In (Pi/Pe) Several attempts were made to develop an equation for averall (dry) turbine efficiency as a function of last stage efficiency and the number of stages. No satisfactory solutions could be obtained, nor were any available in ETI's library of turbine designreferences. Thedesignofamulti-stageturbineis relativelycomplex. Theoverallefficiencyisgreaterthana weighted (by power output) average of the stage efficiencies, because of the reheat effect from the mixing of the leakage flow. The ratio of the overall (dry) turbine efficiency divided by the turbine's last: stage efficiency was designated as the "2" factor. Far a single stage turbine, it is obvious that the 2 factorisequaltoavalueofone. Forthemulti-stagedesigns of this study, other 2 factors were determined empirically using a graphical method. 6 . 0266PDF Image | Radial Outflow Turbine for Solar Steam Rankine Engines
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