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The principal parameters being: (1)the Baumann factor [or = 0.351 which is discussed in Reference 3, (2) the exhaust steam quality ( 0 1 0 and (3) the fraction of the turbine expansion i n the saturated vapor r e g i o n [AhJAhtlo The operating life of the turbine is strongly linked to the moisture in the expansion. Utility powerplant practice, examples of which are shown i n Figure 8, has been to l i m i t turbj-e exhaust moisture to maintain turbine blade erosion rates consistent with design life in the 20-30 year range. AlloftheturbinesshowninFic.are 8areofanaxial flow configuration. With this type of tu,aine geometry, the centrifugal force from the shaft rotation causes moisture droplets to collect near the blade tips. Tocountexact this problem, axial f h w turbines operating w i t h high exhaust moisture have ports i n the blade shrouds to extract the moisture. W i t h the radial outflow configuration, the ten-rifugal force field is i n the direction of the expansion. As a resuit, moisture droplets are not as easily formed i n the ROF turbine, and highe rcoisture levels can be tolerated before blade erosion becomes significant. In order to have ROF turbine designs consistent with a minimum 20-year design life, turbine exhaust moisture was restricted to a maximum of 15 percent for the stem Rankine cycles invatigated. A l l charts showing Rankine cycle per- formance have an 85 percent turbine ex;laust quality line, which l i m i t s the cycle parameter combinatit23 that can be specified. SHAFT SPEED LIMITATiOIVS Within the 100KWtoSMWpower range of the study, the maximum generator speed readily available in commercial units is 1800 rpm, for most manufactu.*.?rs,100 KW was the cutoff point for 3600 rpm generators. As a r!&ul,t, turbine shaft speed is limited by the available gear ratio ani; pinion speeds from the gearbox suppliers. A a.rvey of these parameters as a function of power level produced the data shown i n Figure 9. Gear manufacturers are limited by the smallest diameter shaft that can be cut and the maximum pitch line velocity. Forthese reasons, few low power, high speed gearboxes are available. A lest f i t curve was drawn through tl?e data of Figure 9. This curve, shown i n Figure 10, was used tc, define turbine shaft speed (N) as a function of power level (Ej. An equation for this curve was determined tobe the following: N = 141957 (E)-0*2947-6533 In most cases, the above equation is used to specify the turbine shaft speed, except when turbine stress limitations would be exceeded. In the ROF turbine design, the limiting factor is the bending stress on the blades of the last turbine rotor stage. 8PDF Image | Radial Outflow Turbine for Solar Steam Rankine Engines
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