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s RANKINE CYCLE ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR LOW AND INTERMEDIATE TEMPERATURE SENSIBLE HEAT SOURCES Introduction Energy extraction and conversion from low or intermediate temperature sensible heat sources present design considerations which are different in many ways from those associated with conven- tional fossil fuel fired systems, even though the same conversion process, i. e., the Rankine cycle, may be used. Examples of sensible heat sources for energy conversion requiring special considera- tion are hot liquid geothermal sources, industrial waste heat sources. and solar-thermal collector and storage systems utilizing a sensible heat transfer fluid. Design problems associated with other heat sources such as geothermal steam orthermal energy transferred by heat pipes orother phase change mechanisms will not be considered here. In the above examples of candidate sensible heat conversion systems, peak heat engine cycle efficiency does not necessarily dominate as it does in conventional power plant applications. In a conventional power plant, we have a sensible heating medium in the form of the combustion products, but these hot gases (greater than 3000°F typically) are so much hotter than the practical peak cycle temperatures (typically 1050°F) that invariably the most economical system design dictates that cycle efficiency be maximized and as much heat as possible be added at the peak cycle temperature. The sensible heat sources cited as examples, however, are generally well below practical equipment temperature limits and thus are not subject to the same constraints as those found in a conventional power plant. In all cases, the primary criterion for system design should be the most favorable cost per power out ratio considering the total system cost and the power out actually required. Examples of the unique considerations required for different applications utilizing sensible heat from low or inter- mediate temperature aources are given in the following section. Examples of System Design Example 1 --Low Temperature (145OF)Geothermal Hot Spring Energy Conversion System. In this application, the economics of generating electricity from a warm spring in Alaska was investigated. The actual power required (-25 kWe) is much below the potential of the warm spring ' 7PDF Image | RANKINE CYCLE ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR LOW AND INTERMEDIATE TEMPERATURE SENSIBLE HEAT SOURCES
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