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the nanofluid [8,14] and may cause the sorption and agglutination phenomenon of the nanofluid during boiling heat transfer process [8]. Hao et al. [54] have presented a correlation for predicting the heat transfer coefficient of refrigerant-based nanofluid and the predicted heat transfer coefficients agree with 93% of the experimental data within the deviations of 20%. Authors observed that the heat transfer coefficient of refrigerant-based nanofluid in flow boiling is larger than that of pure refrigerant and the maximum enhancement is about 29.7% when observed with a mass fraction of nanoparticles 0–0.5 wt%. Authors have reported that the reduction of the boundary layer height due to the disturbance of nanoparticles enhances the heat transfer. Wu et al. [55] and Vassallo et al. [20] observed boundary layer height is reduced by the disturbance of nanoparticles and the flow boiling heat transfer of refrigerant-based nanofluid is enhanced. Hao et al. [54] investigated experimentally and numerically the migration characteristics of nanoparticles in pool boiling process of nanorefrigerant and nanorefrigerant–oil mixture. Authors have used R113 as the base fluid, CuO the nanoparticles and RB68EP as the lubricant oil. Authors observed that the migrated mass of nanoparticles in the pool boiling process of both nanorefrigerant and nanorefrigerant–oil mixture, increase with the increase of the original mass of nanoparticles and the mass of refrigerant. The migration ratio decreases with the increase of volume fraction of nanoparticles. Authors also reported that the migration mass of nanoparticles and migration ratio in the nanorefrigerant are larger than those in the nanorefrigerant–oil mixture. The migrated mass of nanoparticles in the nanorefrigerant is 17.5% larger than that in the nanorefrigerant–oil mixture on the average under the conditions of investigation. However they developed a numerical model where predictions and experimental data were in the range of 7.7–38.4%. Hao et al. [56] studied experimentally the nucleate pool boiling heat transfer characteristics of refrigerant/oil mixture with diamond nanoparticles. The refrigerant was R113 and the oil was VG68. The results indicate that the nucleate pool boiling heat transfer coefficient of R113/oil mixture with diamond nanopar- ticles is larger than that of R113/oil mixture by maximum of 63.4% and the enhancement increases with the increase of nanoparticles concentration in the nanoparticles/oil suspension and decreases with the increase of lubricating oil concentration. Authors developed a correlation for predicting the nucleate pool boiling heat transfer coefficient of refrigerant/oil mixture with nanopar- ticles and it agrees well with the experimental data of refrigerant/ oil mixture with nanoparticles. Wang et al. [57] carried out an experimental study of the boiling heat transfer characteristics of R22 refrigerant with Al2O3 nanoparticles and found that the nanoparticles enhanced the refrigerant heat transfer characteristics with reduced bubble sizes that moved quickly near the heat transfer surface. Li et al. [58] investigated the pool boiling heat transfer characteristics of R11 refrigerant with TiO2 nanoparticles and showed that the heat transfer enhancement reached 20% at a particle loading of 0.01g/L. Fu et al. [59] reported that nanoparticles may be effective to enhance the heat transfer of the refrigerant and improving the property of the mineral oil. One nanolubricant – a lubricant for chillers that incorporates a dispersion of nanometer-sized particles – has already been shown to improve the boiling heat flux by nearly 300% compared to the original nanoparticle-free refrigerant [60]. Table 2 shows summary of heat transfer enhancement reported by many researchers. Peng et al. [62] investigated the influence of nanoparticles on the heat transfer characteristics of refrigerant-based nanofluids flow boiling inside a horizontal smooth tube, and presented a correlation for predicting heat transfer performance of refrigerant- Fig. 7. Effect of nanoparticles concentrations on the heat pipe efficiency [67]. []GIF$DT)8_.giF( based nanofluids. For the convenience of preparing refrigerant- based nanofluids, R113 refrigerant and CuO nanoparticles were used by the authors. Authors reported that the heat transfer coefficient of refrigerant-based nanofluids is higher than that of pure refrigerant, and the maximum enhancement of heat transfer coefficient found to be about 29.7%. Naphon et al. [66] reported that the heat pipe with 0.1% nanoparticles concentration gave efficiency 1.40 times higher than that with pure refrigerant as can be seen in Fig. 7 and Fig. 8 shows heat transfer enhancement of nanorefrigerants. Heat pipe technology has been used in wide variety of applications in the various heat transfer devices especially in the electronic components. However, the heat transfer capability is limited by the working fluid transport properties. The basic idea is to enhance the heat transfer by changing the fluid transport properties and flow features with nanoparticles suspended. New experimental data on the efficiency enhancement of heat pipe with nanofluids are presented by Ref. [66]. Effects of nanoparticles concentrations on the heat pipe efficiency were investigated and obtained the optimum condition that results in maximum efficiency [66]. 5. Lubricity and material compatibility A few investigations were carried out with nanoparticles in refrigeration systems to use advantageous properties of R. Saidur et al. / Renewable and Sustainable[(Fig._7)TD$FIG] Energy Reviews 15 (2011) 310–323 315 Fig. 8. Boiling heat transfer coefficients with 1.0 vol% CNTs for R134a [13].PDF Image | Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
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