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[GIF$DT)01_.giF(] R. Saidur et al. / Renewable and SustainableFGIF$DT)21_.gi([] Energy Reviews 15 (2011) 310–323 317 Fig. 10. Relationship between and the friction coefficients as a function of the fullerene volume fraction of nano-oils. giI([G]FF$DT)11_. Fig. 11. Lubrication test results on the friction coefficient as a function of the normal axial force in the sliding thrust bearing tester at the fixed orbiting speed of 1800 rpm for the cases of pure oil and 0.1 vol% nano-oil [70]. fullerene suspension. It indirectly indicates that the nano-oil IV, which has the highest volume concentration (0.5vol%) in nano-oils employed in this study, performs the best lubrication than raw mineral oil and nano-oil I, II, and III at the same friction conditions. Fig. 11 shows that the friction coefficient (i.e. 0.02) of carbon nano-oil is less than the friction coefficient of pure oil (i.e. 0.03) at 1200 N. This indicates that less metal contacts appear to occur with the presence of nanoparticles in the oil suspension [70]. Lee et al. [71] applied nanoparticles to oil with lower viscosity to the compressor used in a refrigerator to decrease the friction coefficient with the same or superior load-carrying capacity. Mineral oil of 8mm2/s was used and mixed with fullerene nanoparticles of 0.1 vol%. Friction coefficient was evaluated by a disk-on-disk tribotester. Authors reported that the friction coefficient of the nano-oil was decreased by 90% compared to pure mineral oil. As a result, authors concluded that nano-oil improves the efficiency and reliability of the compressor. Nano-oil I shows a similar result to nano-oil II, but as the load gets heavier, the friction coefficient becomes higher. Fig. 12 shows the results for friction coefficient in the steady state as a function of normal force. In the case of mineral oil, the friction coefficient is 0.1 at 1200 N load, which is very close to the boundary lubrication regime. However, in the case of nano-oil II, the friction coefficient is Fig. 12. Final results for friction coefficient in the steady state as a function of normal force, using the disk-on-disk type tribotester [71]. about 0.01 at 1200 N, maintaining the hydrodynamic lubrication regime [71]. 6. Surface roughness Table 4 shows the surface roughness of fixed plate operated at the orbiting speed of 1000 rpm and the normal force up to 1000 N for 100-min test period. The surface roughness of the fixed plate for raw mineral oil was distinctively high, 0.106 mm in depth at the scratched circle, while those of nano-oil I, II, III, and IV were 0.077, 0.067, 0.052, and 0.048 mm, respectively [72]. 7. Energy performance The refrigerator performance with the nanoparticles was investigated using energy consumption tests and freezer capacity tests by Ref. [69]. Authors reported that refrigerator’s performance was better with 26.1% less energy consumption with 0.1% mass fraction of TiO2 nanoparticles compared to the HFC134a and POE oil system. The same tests with Al2O3 nanoparticles showed that the different nanoparticles properties have little effect on the refrigerator energy performance. Thus, nanoparticles can be used in domestic refrigerators to considerably reduce energy consump- tion. Authors reported that there are two possible mechanisms by which the nanoparticles affect the refrigerator performance (i.e. energy and material compatibility performance). One is that some nanoparticles remain in the compressor to improve the compres- sor friction characteristic. The other reason is that some nanoparticles flow into the heat exchanger with the refrigerant to enhance the refrigerant heat transfer characteristics. However details of the mechanism have not been investigated. Fu et al. [59] reported that nanoparticles may be effective to enhance the heat transfer of the refrigerant. One nanolubricant – a Table 4 Surface roughness of the fixed plate measured by alpha-step at the rotating speed of 1000 rpm and the normal force up to 1000 N for 100-min test period [72]. Lubricant Solvent Fullerene Surface roughness fraction (vol%) (mm) Raw oil Nano-oil I Nano-oil II Nano-oil III Nano-oil IV Mineral oil 0 Mineral oil 0.01 Mineral oil 0.05 Mineral oil 0.1 Mineral oil 0.5 0.106 0.077 0.067 0.052 0.048PDF Image | Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
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