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]IF$DT)51_.giF([G R. Saidur et al. / Renewable and Sustainable][(Fig._16)TD$FIG Energy Reviews 15 (2011) 310–323 319 Fig. 15. Frictional pressure drop of CuO/R113 nanofluid versus local vapor quality at different mass fluxes (G): (a) G = 100 kg m2 s1; (b) G = 150 kg m2 s1; (c) G = 200 kg m2 s1. with the increase of the mass fraction of nanoparticles. The maximum increase of frictional pressure drop was found to be about 20.8% under the experimental conditions. Fig. 15 shows the pressure drop of nanorefrigerants with different concentrations and R113. In Fig. 16 the total pressure drop P, measured inside the PHE, is plotted versus the cooling liquid volumetric flow rate for both the water and the nanofluid. Pantzali et al. [79] observed that the measured viscosity of the suspension (i.e. nanofluids) exhibits a D]G[(Fig._17)IF$T Fig. 16. Pressure drop of the cooling liquid inside the PHE versus the respective volumetric flow rate [79]. twofold increase compared to water. This leads to a significant increase in the measured pressure drop and consequently in the necessary pumping power when the nanofluids are applied. Authors calculated that the pumping power increased about 40% compared to water for a given flow rate. Authors observed that for a given heat duty the required volumetric flow rates for both the water and the nanofluid are practically equal, while the necessary pumping power in the case of the nanofluid is up to two times higher than the corresponding value for water due to the higher kinematic viscosity of the fluid [79]. An insignificant pressure drop penalty (within the experimen- tal uncertainty) was found for all three volume fractions of CuO nanoparticles used in a study by [81]. Authors reported that nanofluids cause little or no penalty to pumping power because at very low concentrations the particles do not substantially affect viscosity. With increasing heat flux, however, the enhancement was suppressed due to vigorous bubble generation. Fouling on the heat transfer surface was not observed during the course of this study. Experiments on solid and liquid phase pressure drop of CuO/H2O nanofluid in micro-channel heat sink showed that the presence of nanoparticles causes a slight increase in pressure drop [82]. Experiments on pressure drop of TiO2/H2O nanofluid flowing upward through a vertical pipe showed that the pressure drop of nanofluid is slightly higher than that of the host fluid at a given Reynolds number [83]. Al2O3/H2O nanofluid in micro-channel showed that the pressure drop of nanofluid is larger than that of the base fluid and increases with the increase of nanoparticle concentration at the same Reynolds number [77]. Li and Kleinstreuer [75] simulated the fully developed pressure gradient Fig. 17. Samples of Al2O3 nanofluids (without any stabilizer) stability change with time [88].PDF Image | Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
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