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the fluid at the inlet to the main compressor. In order to predict the effect of expected impurities or a detection gas on cycle performance, optimized cycles were run on a series of different fluids. A detection gas is desirable in many cases because the S-CO2 cycle could be used as a direct cycle. In a direct cycle, detecting CO2 leaks would warn of a primary system rupture before the problem became dire. For SFRs, sodium reacts exothermically with CO2, so detecting leaks early can prevent major problems. Helium is frequently used as a detection gas because it reveals leaks sooner than almost any other gas (due to its small atomic size). Also, it usually has minimal detrimental effect on engineering systems because it is chemically inert. Other options for a detection gas could be any chemical lighter than CO2 that doesn’t significantly lower the critical temperature. Air is inevitably present as an impurity in any gas purchased for industrial use. The cost of gases depends strongly on their purity as well. Studying the amount of air tolerable in an S- CO2 cycle will help to reduce the operating cost of the cycle by reducing the required purity of the working fluid. It will also let designers know what level of air impurity can be tolerated before they can expect the efficiency of the system to be unacceptably low. 2.4.1 Helium Additions for Leak Detection Based on a 2400 MWth, 4 loop design, it is estimated that 0.5 mole percent helium is needed to detect leaks in the CO2 recompression cycle [Freas, 2007]. At 600 MWth per loop, this estimate can be applied to the recompression loop studied here. Recompression cycles will likely be built for 400 MWth or larger systems (per loop) because of the constraints on compressor design, as discussed in Chapter 3. Shifting the critical temperature to too low a value will cause the cycle to lose efficiency because cooling water temperature cannot be drastically changed. Shifting it to too high a value will cause the main compressor inlet state-point to fall below the vapor dome, a consequence to be avoided. Some test results, however, show that operation below the vapor dome is not necessarily damaging to the system [Hejzlar, 2008b]. The critical points of gases discussed in this chapter are shown in Table 2.2. 37PDF Image | Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Cycle Analysis
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