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Figure 3.3: A straight vaned diffuser. These vanes are of width 8o and there are twenty of them. They are inclined at 70o to the radial direction. After the vaned diffuser is a scroll, or volute, which collects the flow and directs it to the next component of the system. In a multi-stage compressor the vaned diffuser of upstream stages will be followed instead by a return channel which collects the flow and directs it to the next stage. The volute is neglected in RGRC because its design will depend on available space and material. In the multi-stage performance code, the return channel is treated as a form loss with a form loss coefficient chosen by the user. The casing refers to the static portion of the compressor which surrounds the impeller. In shrouded impellers, the blade passage is completely enclosed from hub to shroud. Unshrouded impellers, like those in RGRC, have blade passages which are open at the tips of the blades. This produces some losses which will be discussed later. Compressors operate between two limits: surge and choke. At low mass flow rates, compressors stall or surge depending on the phenomenon exhibited. Both are limiting conditions. Stall occurs when the flow experiences separation of the boundary layer on blades or in narrow passages. Stalled portions of the flow develop and form stall cells. Sometimes the cells will rotate through the compressor in what is aptly called rotating stall. RGRC neglects these phenomena and simply states that stall is likely to have occurred. Surge, the other phenomenon which occurs at low mass flow rates, results in reversal of the flow and can cause violent vibrations. The operating range of a compressor is bounded at low mass flow rates by what is termed the surge line, as shown in the example compressor map of Figure 3.4. The operating limit at low mass flow rates is termed the surge line by convention, whether the actual phenomenon occurring is surge or stall. In practice, the surge line occurs where the slope of the 48PDF Image | Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Cycle Analysis
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