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4 Balance of Plant Options 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Necessary Tools for Analysis SFRs are among the reactor concepts included in the Generation IV Roadmap [GIF, 2002]. They have the potential to be built as, burners, break-even or breeder cores. Their relatively high core outlet temperature means that significant efficiency gains could be achieved over current LWR technology. The choice of balance of plant, heat exchanger type and dimensions, and intermediate loop will affect the overall efficiency of the SFR a great deal. The ABR-1000 design claims a Rankine cycle efficiency of ~38 %, but the cycle efficiency alone doesn’t tell the whole story. The pumping power of primary and intermediate pumps is important, and the net cycle efficiency can be improved or degraded by design changes from the reference case. As shown in Figure 2.4, the cycle efficiency is strongly dependent on the turbine inlet temperature and the choice of cycle. In order to understand where efficiency improvements could be made, many design configurations needed to be investigated. A principal such configuration is the use of Printed Circuit Heat Exchangers (PCHEs) for the secondary intermediate heat exchanger (S-IHX) or primary intermediate heat exchanger (P-IHX). PCHEs are compact and rugged. They could replace shell-and-tube designs in the SFR plant if sodium plugging is shown to be avoidable in small channels. The S-CO2 cycle will make higher plant efficiencies a possibility for higher turbine inlet temperatures. Additionally, elimination of the intermediate loop will reduce the temperature difference between the primary fluid and the PCS working fluid, thus increasing turbine inlet temperature. All these changes need to be evaluated for their effect on efficiency. Tools already available at MIT for this analysis included CYCLES III for the S-CO2 PCS and a number of PCHE codes written by Pavel Hejzlar [Hejzlar et al., 2007]. There was no available model at MIT for shell-and-tube heat exchangers, nor do the PCHE codes cover all of the cases of interest to this study. These existing tools also do not take into account efficiency losses due to heat conduction from intermediate piping or pumping power losses in either the primary or intermediate loops. Heat losses in intermediate piping are negligible and do not produce any real change in the plant efficiency. Pumping power for the entire plant can reach almost 1 % of the core thermal power, so it is important for efficiency considerations. 82PDF Image | Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Cycle Analysis
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