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5 Increasing the Efficiency of the SFR 5.1 Introduction As stated in Chapter 4, increasing average core outlet temperature, improving heat transfer to the PCS, and improving PCS performance are likely to produce the greatest efficiency increases for an SFR. Previous research has indicated that several methods of increasing average core outlet temperature can be employed in the SFR. It is feasible that SFR core outlet temperatures can be up to 575 oC, as in the BN-1800 design [IAEA, 2006]. With such high temperatures, and effective heat transfer to the PCS, efficiencies can be very high indeed. Determining the efficiency benefit of these temperature increases will allow financial considerations to take their long term effect into account more accurately. The tools developed in this research and described in Chapter 4 allow a comparison between different heat exchanger options. CYCLES III and STEAM PRO 16 allow for a comparison between the S-CO2 recompression cycle and the traditional Rankine cycle. All of these tools combined produce a wide range of BOP options that can be considered. A small increase in plant efficiency could result in very large economic benefits, and therefore a difference of less than 1% in efficiency may be economically significant. 5.2 A Reference Design: The ABR-1000 In order to make meaningful comparisons of design options, a reference design is required. The ABR-1000 is a concept reactor designed by Argonne National Laboratory [Grandy and Seidensticker, 2007]. It is a four-loop, pool type, 1000 MWth reactor with a high pressure traditional Rankine PCS. The ABR-1000 design reports that the PCS achieves a thermal efficiency of 38 % with a steam temperature of 454 oC and a pressure of 15.5 MPa at the turbine inlet. Comparisons will be made with this reference design in regard to heat exchanger options, the effect of increased core outlet temperature, and the choice of PCS. For ease of comparison, the steam generator for the reference temperature and flow rate conditions was assumed to be a straight shell-and-tube heat exchanger that matched the reference design in flow rates, temperatures, and overall heat transfer area. This approach was taken because heat transfer coefficients will not vary appreciably between a helical coil steam generator and a straight tube steam generator, and SoSaT has been written for straight tubes. Both straight tube and helical coil steam generators are considered the best options for SFRs of the future and both have been included in SFR designs [IAEA, 2006], [Chikazawa et al., 2008]. The ABR-1000 steam generator has a helical coil bundle height of 11.6 m and this dimension was preserved in the comparisons performed. The heat transfer in a straight-tube steam generator of 11.6 m in height is much better than that of a helical coil steam generator of 11.6 m 106PDF Image | Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Cycle Analysis
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