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because the number of tubes is much larger in a straight tube steam generator. For example, the total heat transfer area of the ABR-1000 helical coil steam generator is 1806 m2, as compared to a heat transfer surface of ~5000 m2 for a straight tube design with equal shell dimensions. The additional heat transfer area makes a marked difference. The ABR-1000 steam generator achieves a steam temperature of 454 oC at outlet, while an 11.6 m tall straight tube steam generator achieves a steam temperature of 486 oC. This translates to an efficiency gain of 0.8 % in a Rankine cycle. Because the straight-tube steam generator is modeled in SoSaT, it has taken the place of the helical coil steam generator in the reference balance of plant while preserving the shell dimensions. Thus, the efficiency of the reference design is higher than that of the ABR- 1000. The total heat transfer area of a straight-tube design and a helical coil design will not be very different, but some studies have shown that the reliability of helical coil designs could be significantly higher than that of straight tube steam generators. For example, helical coil designs have not experienced fretting or high cycle fatigue due to the different welds used at the tube sheet [Chikazawa et al., 2008]. For efficiency comparisons, this study only considers straight- tube designs, but the helical coil steam generator design could be important for reducing the cost of steam generators. The reference balance of plant is summarized in Table 5.1. Core Outlet Temperature (oC) Core Thermal Power (MW) P-IHX Height (m) Shell Diameter (m) S-IHX Height (m) Shell Diameter (m) Steam Pressure (MPa) Steam Temperature (oC) Net Cycle Efficiency (%) Intermediate Pumping Power (MW) Primary Sodium Flow Rate (kg/s) Intermediate Sodium Flow Rate (kg/s) Primary Pumping Power (MW) Table 5.1: The reference balance of plant 510 1000 (250 MWth per loop) 5.20 1.72 11.6 2.81 15.5 454 38 ~1.6 (~0.4 MW per loop) 1256 1256 4.60 5.3 Options for Increasing Core Outlet Temperature Placing ribs, or “long, semi-circular protrusions” within the hexagonal assembly cans can flatten the temperature profile of the core outlet flow by reducing flow in non-heated edge 107PDF Image | Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Cycle Analysis
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