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subchannels [Memmott, 2009]. During transients, the peak cladding temperature limit will be met in the hottest channel, but if all the channels are at about the same temperature, the average core outlet temperature can be much higher without increasing the temperature of the hot channel. Thus, the average core outlet temperature can be increased without endangering any margins to the peak clad temperature limit. Because the efficiency of the PCS is driven primarily by temperature, this modification is particularly appealing. RELAP-5 models of the SFR have shown that core outlet temperature profile has a difference of 60 oC for cold assemby dimensions and 30 oC for hot assembly dimensions from the interior to exterior subchannels. With ribs in place, this temperature difference can be reduced to less than ~2 oC [Memmott, 2009]. This result means that the average core outlet temperature could be increased by almost 15 oC from the reference case of 510 oC without endangering any peak temperature limits. This method appears to be the most effective available. Diluent grading in the fuel can flatten the core power profile as well. Power is reduced in the high power region by increasing the fraction of Zr in the fuel, or by placing “dummy rods” into these regions to flatten the core power profile. This option greatly affects the refueling cycle and will probably produce cycle lengths of too short a period to be economically attractive [Denman, 2009]. The opposite approach is to create enrichment zones in the lower power regions to increase the power there. These and other design options create a range of core outlet temperatures in SFRs. Table 5.2 includes the core outlet temperatures of some power-producing SFRs. The BN-1800 design still requires many decisions to be made about the construction of the core, so the outlet temperature for the BN-1800 reflects an estimate of what the designers believe to be achievable. Table 5.2: Core Outlet Temperatures of Selected SFRs Reactor Super-Phenix 1(France) ALMR (USA) JSFR-1500 (Japan) BN-800 (Russian Federation) BN-1800 (Russian Federation) ABR-1000 (USA) 5.4 Option Space Core Outlet Temperature (oC) 545 498 550 547 575 510 The option space consists of variation in core outlet temperature, heat exchanger type, elimination of the intermediate loop, and choice of PCS as shown in Figure 5.1. 108PDF Image | Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Cycle Analysis
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