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5.6 The Choice of Cycle Pressure for Rankine Cycles In the Rankine cycle, increasing steam pressure yields increasing cycle efficiency. However, higher pressure steam requires thicker tubes in a steam generator, and the heat transfer area required is generally higher as steam pressure increases. Quantifying the efficiency gain versus the cost of producing larger, more robust steam generators could allow designers to select an economically optimal steam pressure. Though the choice may not yield the highest thermal efficiency, savings in steam generator cost could make up for it. An example of this effect is the model of the JSFR steam generator, run in SoSaT. The JSFR steam pressure is 19.2 MPa, but if the cross-sectional geometry is run in SoSaT for varying pressures, the heat transfer area varies due to changes in the heat transfer coefficients and CHF. Figure 5.10 shows the total volume of steel (a good surrogate for cost) in steam generator tubing for the JSFR design at different pressures. The tube thickness was maintained at the design thickness. As pressure increases above about 15.5 MPa, the heat transfer area increases. 0.0025 0.002 0.0015 0.001 0.0005 0 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Steam Pressure (MPa) Figure 5.10: Increasing volume of steel in tubes of the JSFR steam generator with increasing steam pressure The cost in Figure 5.10 is described in terms of volume of steel used in the steam generator tubing. The cost is expressed in m3 of tube material per kWe based on the increased tube area and cycle efficiency when compared to a 14 MPa base case. The cost does not vary smoothly with pressure because of the different effects of pressure on heat transfer coefficient and CHF. Designers should keep in mind that this exact trend will not hold for every steam generator geometry. The results in Figure 5.10 are presented to inform the reader that steam 118 Cost/kWe (m3/kWe)PDF Image | Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Cycle Analysis
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