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Another important requirement for the development of new polymer processes based on scCO2 is knowledge about the phase behavior of the mixture involved, which enables the process variables to be tuned properly to achieve maximum pro- cess efficiency. Determining parameters in the phase behavior of a system are the solvent quality, the molecular weight, chain branching, and chemical architecture of the polymer, as well as the effect of endgroups and the addition of a cosolvent or an antisolvent. An overview of the available literature on the phase behavior of polymers in supercritical fluids has been published by Kirby and McHugh [50]. In addition, the possibilities of carbon dioxide as a medium for polymerization re- actions and polymer processing have been reviewed [56–60]. 1.5 Concluding Remarks and Outlook A steady stream of emerging technologies has brought carbon dioxide all the way from a potential alternative solvent in the early 1970s to its use in industry [61]. The most promising applications of supercritical fluids are those in which their unusual properties can be exploited for manufacturing products with char- acteristics and specifications that are difficult to obtain by other processes. Although there have been many interesting developments over the past twenty years, technical issues sometimes seem to hinder the progress of certain new pro- cesses toward commercialization [37, 62]. Applying carbon dioxide as a clean sol- vent in polymer processes is not the simplest route, because it involves, amongst others complications, high-pressure equipment, complex phase behavior, new measurement techniques, and the development of novel process concepts rather than extending conventional technologies. The development trajectory (see Fig. 1.10) from the concept idea via the laboratory bench and pilot scale to indus- trial implementation is often long. Currently, there exists a lack of facilities be- tween laboratory scale research (5–500 mL) and the industrial scale application, mainly caused by the absence of pilot scale facilities. To break down the bound- aries between the academic approach and industrial practice, close collaboration between industrial R & D, research institutes, and universities is essential to re- duce costs, to exploit existing know-how and experimental facilities, and to reduce the development time. Bearing in mind the economics of an emerging technology as compared to long existing processes, it is a challenge to implement new process concepts at reasonable costs. For these reasons, the number of large-scale indus- trial polymer processes based on supercritical fluids will be limited in the short term. However, stimulation from government and research consortia should con- tribute substantially to the progress of development. Several process design calculations [64, 65] have shown that polymer pro- cesses based on scCO2 technology can be economically feasible, depending on the value of the product and the process conditions. Moreover, further develop- ments will reduce costs of supercritical application substantially. It is expected that the major application of supercritical carbon dioxide will first be in the food 1.5 Concluding Remarks and Outlook 11PDF Image | Supercritical Carbon Dioxide for Sustainable Polymer Processes
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