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2. Review of Gas-Cooled Reactor Concepts There have been at least seven previous programs that have evaluated fast gas-cooled reactors without moderating materials. These programs explored the use of helium, steam, and CO2 (including S-CO2) as the coolant, with pressures that varied from 0.5 MPa to 25 MPa. The most significant programs include the following: (1) Germany, “The Gas Breeder Memorandum” (1969) – 3 concepts (2) United States, General Atomics (1962) (3) European Gas Breeder Reactor Association (1971) – 4 concepts (4) Soviet Union (1970s) - concept used dissociating coolant; (5) United Kingdom (1980s) – 2 concepts similar to the concept presented here but using larger reactors (up to 3600 MWth) with metal clad pins (6) Japan (1970s and 1980s) – prismatic fuel reactor (7) Generation IV International Forum (2002) - The GFR was selected as one of the six concepts to be evaluated as part of the Generation IV program for the Next Generation Nuclear Plant program. All of these programs have produced extensive conceptual designs. In comparison with sodium, gas coolants have the following advantages for fast reactor applications: Chemical compatibility with water, obviating the need of an intermediate coolant loop, and generally good chemical compatibility with structural materials; Negligible activation of coolant; Optically transparent, simplifying fuel shuffling operations and inspection; Single phase coolants that cannot change phase in the core, reducing the potential for reactivity swings under accidental conditions; Reduction or elimination of the positive void effect typically associated with sodium; and Presence of a harder neutron spectrum, which increases the breeding and metal actinide burning potential of the reactor. The disadvantages are generally considered to be the following: High pumping power; High pressure; Required surface roughening of cladding to enhance heat transfer; High coolant velocities; and Decay heat removal after shutdown and during a loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA). Sandia designing, building, and operating S-CO2 power conversion research loops over the past several years. The SC-GFR concept was conceived from this work. Many of the disadvantages National Laboratories (SNL) has gained a significant amount of experience in modeling, 11PDF Image | Supercritical CO2 Direct Cycle Gas Fast Reactor (SC-GFR)
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