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2.2 Issues Generally Associated With GFR Concepts The disadvantages that are generally associated with the GFR concepts are presented with a discussion of how they relate to the S-CO2 concept. High Pumping Power Supercritical CO2 reactors operate with the compressor very near the critical point of the working fluid. Under these operating conditions, the CO2 entering the compressor is very dense – about 60-70% the density of water – and has little compressibility remaining in the fluid. As a consequence, the main compressor acts more like a pump than a compressor, allowing for the “pumping power” to be much lower than for ideal gas Brayton cycles. The small pumping power is one of the reasons for the potential high efficiency in S-CO2 Brayton cycles. High Pressure The pressure in an S-CO2 reactor is high, 20 MPa (3000 psia). There have been dual-turbine concepts proposed for an optimized S-CO2 cycle (Muto and Kato, 2007) that can significantly reduce the reactor pressure. The pressure can be reduced by about 6-7 MPa (1000 psi) to allow for the operating pressure in the reactor to be near 13 MPa (2000 psi). This pressure is the same as for commercial pressurized water reactors. Cladding Surface Roughening Cladding surface roughening may be required to enhance heat transfer from the fuel pins. This is the approach that is use for the AGRs. More heat transfer and thermal hydraulic analysis is required to determine if cladding roughening is required for the SC-GFR concept. High Coolant Velocities The coolant velocities in particular portions of the S-CO2 power conversion system can be high, depending on the piping size. From the reactor to the turbine, the coolant velocity is ~4.5 m/s for a 200 MWth plant and a pipe diameter of 1.6 m. Decreasing the pressure drop through the system is important in order to maintain a high thermal efficiency. Component integration and design will be important future research for S-CO2 power conversion cycles. Decay Heat Removal During Shutdown Initial scoping calculations presented in this report indicate that natural circulation can provide enough cooling for a 200-400 MWth reactor core after shutdown. Further computational fluid dynamics analyses, along with experimental validation testing on the existing SNL S-CO2 research loops, will be essential to show that decay heat removal via natural circulation is possible and can be designed into the SC-GFR concept. Decay Heat Removal During a LOCA Emergency core cooling and coolability of the reactor during a LOCA are significant design issues that must be addressed in future research. Blow-down concepts, evaporative cooling concepts, and guard vessels, in addition to natural circulation flow, are the major approaches to be considered for LOCAs. 14PDF Image | Supercritical CO2 Direct Cycle Gas Fast Reactor (SC-GFR)
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