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3. Supercritical CO2 Cycle Supercritical CO2 power conversion cycles have been studied significantly within the last decade as an alternate power conversion approach to couple to an advanced high-temperature nuclear reactor system. Water-Rankine cycles have historically been used in the power conversion system for all commercial nuclear power reactors and represent the current state-of-the-art technology. The S-CO2 cycle, however, has been shown to have, at least theoretically, some significant advantages over the water-Rankine cycle that could allow it to be developed into a viable future technology, especially for advanced nuclear reactor systems. A supercritical cycle is a gas Brayton cycle in which the working fluid is maintained near the critical point during the compression phase of the cycle. The supercritical properties near the critical point include higher gas densities, more similar to a liquid than a gas, allowing for the pumping power in the compressor to be significantly reduced as compared to a typical ideal gas Brayton cycle. This reduction in pumping power allows for the thermal efficiency to be significantly increased as compared to an ideal gas Brayton cycle at the same turbine inlet temperature. Another advantage of using a supercritical cycle is that the overall footprint of the power conversion system can be significantly reduced as compared to the same power output of a water-Rankine cycle. This is due to the high pressure in the system and resulting lower volumetric flow rate, which allows for the heat-rejection heat exchanger and turbine to be orders of magnitude smaller than for similar power output water-Rankine systems. Another potential advantage is the use of less water, not only due to the increased efficiency but also because the heat rejection temperature is significantly higher than for water-Rankine systems, allowing for significant heat rejection directly to air. Different working fluids can be used in a supercritical power conversion system, including but not limited to CO2, water, xenon, sulfur hexafluoride, sulfur dioxide, and ammonia. CO2 is one of the most likely candidates as the working fluid because of a number of factors, including that the critical pressure is 7.38 MPa (1085 psia) and critical temperature is 31°C. The critical pressure for CO2 is high but not an unattainable value; LWRs typically operate between 1000 and 2000 psia. The critical temperature is near the ambient temperature found world-wide. Other favorable characteristics of CO2 are that it is non-flammable, stable, inert, non-toxic, inexpensive, well-characterized, and used in many industrial applications. The S-CO2 cycle offers a number of advantages over a water-steam Rankine cycle and other gas Brayton cycles in both efficiency and cost. The most significant advantages of using a S-CO2 cycle include the following: Efficiency improvement due to smaller compression work required near the critical pressure, as compared to ideal gas Brayton cycles; High efficiencies at relatively low peak temperatures, ~650°C Relative compactness of component hardware, including the heat-rejection heat exchanger and the turbine, due to relatively large density of the gas at pressure; Critical point (31°C) is near the desired heat rejection temperature of 20°C; CO2 is inexpensive, abundant, stable, non-toxic, inert, relatively non-corrosive, and is not flammable; and CO2 is used in many industrial applications and is well-characterized. 15PDF Image | Supercritical CO2 Direct Cycle Gas Fast Reactor (SC-GFR)
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