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For the analysis shown in Figure 2, the thermal efficiency is found to be ~50%. This efficiency does not include windage or electrical power conversion losses, heat losses in the piping and other components, or other second order inefficiencies. The analysis was performed for an output power of 100 MW, heat rejection temperature of 20°C, low pressure value of 7.0 MPa (1030 psia), compressor efficiencies of 85%, turbine efficiency of 93%, pressure ratio of 2.7, total fractional pressure drop of 5%, heat exchanger effectiveness of 97%, and reactor coolant exit temperature of 650°C. The reactor input power is 200 MWth. The reactor inlet temperature is found to be 477°C and the coolant mass flow rate is ~920 kg/s. Note that ~465 MW of thermal power is transferred from the hot side of the recuperators to the cold side. In order to use printed-circuit heat exchanger (PCHE) technology and a low pressure drop, the volume of each of the two PCHE recuperators and the heat rejection PCHE will be on the order of 10 m3 each. For a stainless-steel PCHE, this equates to a mass of about 80,000 kg or 80 metric tons (MT). Using recent cost estimates for stainless-steel PCHEs, the cost per unit would be 8 to 17 million dollars ($M). Radial turbine and compressor sizes are important parameters when costing out these components. Although detailed modeling is usually undertaken in the final hardware design, early turbine modeling can utilize the fluid velocity at the tips of the turbine blades. Compressor modeling can utilize a method known as “similarity” to initially size these components. For the main compressor unit, the radial compressor wheel is estimated to be 0.26 m (~10.2 inches) in diameter and operates at ~300 Hz. For a separate turbine unit operating the main compressor, the turbine wheel is estimated to be 0.22 m (~8.7 inches) in diameter. For the recompression compressor unit, the radial compressor wheel is estimated to be 0.22 m (~8.7 inches) in diameter and operates at ~500 Hz. For a separate turbine unit operating the re-compressor, the turbine wheel for is estimated to be 0.13 m (5.1 inches) in diameter. For a separate power generating turbine unit operating at 60 Hz, the turbine wheel is estimated to be 1.05 m (41.3 inches) in diameter with a blade height of about 5 cm (2 inches). The piping or ducting size in the system is dependent on the pressure drop that is acceptable and the lengths of pipes between each component. As for the heat exchanger, smaller components can be made if higher pressure drops and corresponding efficiency losses are acceptable. Allowing for a fractional pressure drop of 0.1% in the piping, the piping diameter from the reactor to the turbine is about 1.6 m. Increasing the fractional pressure drop to 1% for the piping, decreases the overall efficiency by ~3%, and decreases the reactor to turbine piping diameter to 1.0 m. More work is required to optimize the component geometry and integrate components in order to develop a power conversion system that can be built and operated efficiently. Integration of the power conversion system with the reactor pressure vessel will also be an important consideration. 18PDF Image | Supercritical CO2 Direct Cycle Gas Fast Reactor (SC-GFR)
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