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4.2 Facility and Plant Layout A conceptual plant layout is shown in Figures 5 to 7 for different possible S-CO2 system configurations. These layout designs are being modeled in three dimensions using the SolidWorks engineering design code. Currently the designs have only the reactor vessel, piping and power conversion system layout. Although not completely to scale, the relative sizes have been factored into the design. The pipe sizing and layout and the integration of components will be important future considerations in developing workable and realistic plant design. Future work will incorporate conceptual ideas for the building and containment structure, auxiliary systems, and more realistic sizing information. The reactor vessel will most likely be located in a below-grade vault that will provide shielding and auxiliary cooling for the vessel. The turbine/compressor unit and recuperator will be at ground level. The heat-rejection heat exchanger may be at ground level or above ground level, depending on the height requirements to ensure natural convection flow capabilities for decay heat cooling with the compressor not operating. Other auxiliary systems will include, for example, a CO2 make-up, recovery, and purification system; emergency core cooling system; cooling water system; and containment ventilation system. Figure 5 shows a configuration for a split-flow S-CO2 cycle with a combined turbine, compressor, and generator on the same shaft. Two PCHE recuperators are required along with the PCHE heat rejection system. For a 100 MW electric unit, and the pressures and temperatures specified previously, the high-temperature PCHE recuperator would be about 10 m3 in size, the low-temperature PCHE recuperator about 9 m3, and the heat-rejection PCHE about 7 m3. The sizes of the compressors, turbine, and generator have not yet been identified for this concept. However, they will be relatively small compared to a water-Rankine cycle due to the pressure/density of the working fluid and their rotational speeds. Figure 6 shows a variation on the power conversion cycle by separating the power generating turbine/generator unit from the rest of the system. This approach adds complexity to the system but allows for power to be generated at 60 Hz. The compressor unit would maintain its own turbine and motor/generator for starting the system and maintaining energy efficient operation. Many other schemes are conceivable to optimize the system performance or allow for other considerations. For example, splitting the flow a second time in the high-temperature recuperator region could increase the efficiency by another few percentage points. Figure 7 shows a scheme devised by Muto and Kato (2007) to allow for the reactor coolant pressure to be significantly reduced. By placing a power-generating turbine after the high-temperature recuperator, but prior to the reactor, the pressure in the reactor vessel can be reduced from ~20 MPa (3000 psia) to ~13 MPa (2000 psia) with only a small loss (~1%) in efficiency. The ultimate power conversion scheme that is used will depend on research conducted over the next several years on S-CO2 test systems that would be scalable to 100 MW electric. Until further experimental work is performed on these types of scalable test units, optimizing a system for efficiency, cost, reliability, and complexity is difficult and speculative. 24PDF Image | Supercritical CO2 Direct Cycle Gas Fast Reactor (SC-GFR)
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