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Table 6. Comparison of the Grashof Number for S-CO2 and Water. Parameter Bulk Temperature Pressure Gr Units K MPa 1/K kg/m3 Pa-s CO2 300 7.69 0.039 275.6 2.21e-5 5.9e14 Water 300 7.69 0.00037 996.7 6.94e-4 7.5e10 Since decay heat removal in GFRs has been a performance-limiting component in the reactor design, the use of a passive mechanism, such as natural circulation, could greatly improve the reliability and performance of S-CO2-cooled GFRs. To evaluate these capabilities further, SNL has begun to develop a series of tools and validation experiments that can be used to define the limits, constraints, and characteristics for S-CO2 natural circulation flow. The evaluation of natural circulation in S-CO2 flow in power systems is being implemented at SNL in three tasks. First, a simple lumped-parameter Excel spreadsheet model has been developed and is being used for scoping calculations. Second, a computational code effort has begun that will be used to support a more detailed design of the S-CO2 power conversion loop. Third, an experimental effort is being planned that will be used to verify and validate the code development effort. The experimental program requires making minor modifications to the existing SNL S-CO2 research loop. The testing and modifications are scheduled for the second half of fiscal year 2011. The first task has already been implemented. A simple natural circulation model that can be used to guide a number of scoping calculations has been developed. This steady-state lumped- parameter supercritical natural circulation flow analysis simulator is implemented using Excel Visual Basic and the NIST REFPROP (NIST, 2007) database, and is based on a published report presented in the S-CO2 power cycle symposium by Milone (2009). The results of this model were compared to the published S-CO2 natural circulation experiments and show similar trends and reasonable agreement. The lumped-parameter code was also extended to include counter- flow heat exchangers. The results indicate that the S-CO2 Brayton cycle loop can be used as an effective way to remove decay heat, provided that the heat source and heat sink elevations are properly located to take advantage of the gravity pressure head and that the pressure remains near the critical pressure. The second task includes the development of a more sophisticated natural circulation model using computational fluid dynamics models. This code is based on an existing SNL Fire Code, C3D (Greiner, et al., 2004, Chalasani, et al., 2010). C3D was developed for fire modeling, where buoyancy effects (due to density changes) of factors of three to four are common. The code uses multidimensional flow with natural circulation models. The code has been modified to use enthalpy-based solutions using the NIST REFPROP (NIST, 2007) equation-of-state models 41PDF Image | Supercritical CO2 Direct Cycle Gas Fast Reactor (SC-GFR)
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