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for S-CO2 or other fluids. The modified code is named C3D-SC. Previous experience has shown that supercritical fluid codes require an enthalpy-based solution model when operating near the critical point. The enthalpy-based solution is required to account for the large enthalpy changes that can occur near the pseudo-critical point of a fluid, along with large density and viscosity changes that occur. Future efforts will use the code to perform dynamic simulations on the reactor and power conversion system, including transitioning from forced-flow circulation to natural circulation, as well as natural circulation modeling in the reactor, recuperators, and heat exchanger. This code will also be one of the primary tools used to model the dynamic behavior of natural circulation in the SNL S-CO2 natural circulation experiments planned in the second phase of this project. The third task will be to modify the existing S-CO2 research loop at SNL to provide a natural circulation loop that can be used to validate the steady-state and transient behavior of supercritical natural circulation at 20-50 kWth. The transition from forced-flow cooling to natural circulation can also be explored since the loop has a high-speed compressor installed. The tests will measure the actual flow rate, fluid densities, and temperatures as a function of time at various initial fill densities, pressures, heat load, and degree of subcooling in the heat rejection system. The tests results will be used to validate the natural circulation codes and tools. 7.1 Lumped-Parameter Natural Circulation Analyses The lumped-parameter model assumes a vertical hot and cold leg, and balances the frictional pressure drop through the loop against the pressure head created by the density difference due to the temperature difference between the hot and cold legs. Because of its simplicity, the model generally over-estimates the flow rate because it neglects other real pressure drop effects. Figure 22 provides four images that show the results and some of the major characteristics of natural circulation in S-CO2. Image D illustrates the natural circulation test loop using a 500 W heater to produce natural circulation in a 76â tall loop with 0.45â internal diameter stainless-steel tubing (Milone, 2009). Image A shows the calculated temperature difference between the hot leg and the cold leg as a function of cold leg temperature for various pressures within the loop (Milone, 2009). It is important to note that near the pseudo critical point the hot-to-cold leg temperature difference nearly vanishes for all pressures shown. This occurs because, near the pseudo-critical point, the heat capacity of the fluid has a large spike (up to a factor of 30 increase) due to the heat-of-vaporization-like effects that occur near the critical point. These effects reproduce heat of vaporization/condensation-like properties within a single-phase fluid. Image B shows the SNL lumped-parameter results at 1100 psia. The results agree with the Milone (2009) model. Image C presents actual measured data for this same configuration. The simple lumped-parameter model clearly shows the same trends, but the experimental ïTâs are larger than those that the simple model predicts. These results are provided to show that the simple lumped-parameter model basically captures the correct behavior of natural circulation for S-CO2, but due to its simplicity, such as ignoring horizontal sections of piping and turns, and finite heater and gas chiller lengths, it does not capture all the characteristics of the geometry within the loop. A more sophisticated computational flow dynamics model used by Milone (2009) does agree well with the data however. The proposed SC-GFR design assumes that the supercritical CO2 Brayton cycle system is directly connected to the reactor, as illustrated in Figure 23. There is an elevation difference 42PDF Image | Supercritical CO2 Direct Cycle Gas Fast Reactor (SC-GFR)
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