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used by silicon PV modules is from 0.3 to 0.6 micrometers, approximately the same wavelengths to which the human eye is sensitive. These wavelengths encompass the highest energy region of the solar spectrum. Talking about solar data requires some knowledge of terms, because on any given day the solar radiation varies continuously from sunup to sundown and depends on cloud cover, sun position, and content and turbidity of the atmosphere. The maximum irradiance is available at solar noon, which is defined asthe midpoint, in time, between sunrise and sunset. Irradiance is the amount of solar energy striking a given area and is a measure of the intensity of the sunshine. Insolation (now commonlyreferred asirradiation) differs from irradiance because of the inclusionoftime. Insolationistheamountofsolarenergyreceivedonagivenareaovertime measured in kilowatt-hours per square meter (lcwWm2) - this value is equivalent to "peak sun hours." Peaksunhoursisdefinedastheequivalentnumberofhoursperday,withsolar irradiance equaling 1,000 w/m2, that gives the same energy received from sunrise to sundown. In other words, six peak sun hours means that the energy received during total daylight hours equals the energy that would have been received had the sun shone for six hours with an irradianceof1,000w/m2. Therefore,peaksunhourscorrespondsdirectlytoaveragedaily insolation given in h W d .Many tables of solar dataare often presented as an average daily valueofpeaksunhours(lcwh/m2)foreachmonth. Insolationvariesseasonallybecauseofthe changing relation of the Earth to the sun. This change, both daily and annually, is the reason some systems use tracking arrays to keep the array pointed at the sun. For any location on Earth, the sun's elevation will change about 47" from winter solstice to summer solstice. Another way to picture the sun's movement is to understand the sun moves from 23.5" north of the equator on the summer solstice to 23.5" south of the equator on the winter solstice. On the equinoxes, March21andSeptember21,thesuncircumnavigatestheequator. Foranylocation,thesun angle at solar noon will change 47"from winter to summer. The power output of a PV array is maximized by keeping the array pointed at the sun. Single-axis tracking of the array may increase the energy production in some locations by up to 50 percent for some months and by as much as35 percent over the course of a year. The most benefit comes in the early morning and late afternoon when the tracking array will be pointing morenearlyatthesunthanafixedarray. Generally,trackingismorebeneficialatsitesbetween 30" latitude north and 30" latitude south. For higher latitudes, the benefit is less because the sun drops low on the horizon during winter months. For tracking (structures that follow the sun across the sky by various mechanisms, thereby increasing the energy captured from the sun) or fixed arrays, the annual energy production is at its maximum when the array is tilted at the latitude angle; i.e., at 40"latitude north, the array should be tilted 40" up from horizontal. If a wintertime load is the most critical, the array tilt angle should be set at the latitude angle plus 15" degrees. To maximize summertime production, fix the array tilt angle at latitude minus 15" degree^.'^ Cleco Power currently has solar projects in Rapides Parish, Iberia Parish, and Sabine Parish. TheinstallationinSabineParishwascompletedattheendof2011,andrepresentsCleco U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and ]RenewableEnergy 19 PD.8360793.2PDF Image | THE APPLICATION OF KENTUCKY POWER
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