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including water, volatile organic compounds, and gases, during the process. At these temperatures the hemicellulose fiaction of biomass, which is the most reactive component of lignocellulosic material is extensively decomposed to produce volatiles and a solid char like product. Cellulose and lignin fractions of biomass also undergo limited volatilization during the process. The condensable volatile compoundsreleased during torrefaction include organics such as sugars, acids, alcohols, ketones, furans, and lipids such as terpenes, waxes, phenols, fatty acids, and tannins. Permanent gases are also released during the process, which includes carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, hydrogen, etc. Typically, during torrefaction 70%of mass is retained in the solid product, which contains 90%of the initial energy. The remaining 30%of biomass is converted to volatiles and gases that contain 10% of the biomass energy. Thus, energy densification can be achieved via torrefaction by a factor of 1.3 on mass basis. In addition, during torrefaction the ratio of hydrogen to carbon (WC) and axygen to carbon ( O K )tends to decrease, increasing the net calorific value of torrefied biomass. Typically, wood has a net calorific value of 7,000-9,000 Btu/lb. An increase in calorific value is observed when wood is torrefied and has values in the range of 9,000-11,000 Btu/lb?’ Bench Scale Evaluation of Biomass Torrefaction Laboratory scale research has been and is being conducted at UL Lafayette on torrefaction of biomass. Tests have been conducted on various lignocellulosicmaterials that include pine, willow, arundo, bamboo, sugarcane, and pecan shells. The effect of temperature and residence times has been evaluated at several temperatures and reaction times ranging between 25O-30O0C,and 30-200 minutes. Also, the effect of biomass particle size on biomass torrefactionhasbeen evaluated. Someoftheresultsobtainedfiomlabscaletorrefactiontestsarepresentedbelow. Figure 33 presents the effect of temperature on solid yield (percent of biomass retained) and energy yield ( m o u n t of energy retained) for pine. The solid yield (“SY”) and energy yield (“EY”) decrease with an increase in temperature as shown in the Figure. Solid yield decreased from 86% to 67% with an increase in torrefaction temperature from 250 to 300” C. Also, a decrease in energy content from 94%to 83%is noticed. This decrease in solid and correspondingenergy yields is primarily due to the decomposition of the hemicellulose component of pine under the conditions tested. The severity of hemicellulose decomposition increases with an increase in temperature in the 250-375’C temperature range. However, the lignin and cellulose components undergo very limited devolatalization in this range. Therefore, a decrease in SY and EY’s is noticed as the temperature increases. Also,asshownin Figure 1, the HHV of pine increased from 8762 to 10,638 Btu/lb as the torrefaction temperature increased from 250’ C to 290’ Cy increasing the energy density of torrefied biomass on a mass basis. Figure 33: Effect of temperature on solid yield and energy yield for pine at 270 Deg. C and 30 minute residence time (Pine“Y -8,762Btuilb) 2o Bergman, P.C.A.,Boersma, k R.,Zwart, R. W. R., and Kiel, J. H. A., Torrefuctionforbiomass co-firing in exixting coal-Jredpwer stations, ECN-C-05-013.2005, Energy Research Center of the Netherlands:The Netherlands. 45 PD.8360793.2PDF Image | THE APPLICATION OF KENTUCKY POWER
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