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Water and energy are tightly interlinked and highly interdependent. Choices made in one domain have direct and indirect consequences on the other, positive or negative. The form of energy production being pursued determines the amount of water required to produce that energy. At the same time, the availability and allocation of freshwater resources determine how much (or how little) water can be secured for energy production. Decisions made for water use and management and for energy production can have significant, multifaceted and broad- reaching impacts on each other – and these impacts often carry a mix of both positive and negative repercussions. The challenge today: Extending services to the unserved Freshwater and energy are crucial for human well-being and sustainable socio-economic development. Their essential roles in achieving progress under every category of development goal are now widely recognized. Major regional and global crises – of climate, poverty, hunger, health and finance – that threaten the livelihood of many, especially the three billion people living on less than US$2.50 per day, are interconnected through water and energy. Worldwide, an estimated 768 million people remain without access to an improved source of water – although by some estimates, the number of people whose right to water is not satisfied could be as high as 3.5 billion – and 2.5 billion remain without access to improved sanitation. More than 1.3 billion people still lack access to electricity, and roughly 2.6 billion use solid fuels (mainly biomass) for cooking. The fact that these figures are often representative of the same people is evidenced by a close association between respiratory diseases caused by indoor air pollution, and diarrhoea and related waterborne diseases caused by a lack of safe drinking water and sanitation. The challenge to come: Meeting growing demands Demands for freshwater and energy will continue to increase significantly over the coming decades to meet the needs of growing populations and economies, changing lifestyles and evolving consumption patterns, greatly amplifying existing pressures on limited natural resources and on ecosystems. The resulting challenges will be most acute in countries undergoing accelerated transformation and rapid economic growth, or those in which a large segment of the population lacks access to modern services. Global water demand (in terms of water withdrawals) is projected to increase by some 55% by 2050, mainly because of growing demands from manufacturing (400%), thermal electricity generation (140%) and domestic use (130%). As a result, freshwater availability will be increasingly strained over this time period, and more than 40% of the global population is projected to be living in areas of severe water stress through 2050. There is clear evidence that groundwater supplies are diminishing, with an estimated 20% of the world’s aquifers being over-exploited, some critically so. Deterioration of wetlands worldwide is reducing the capacity of ecosystems to purify water. Global energy demand is expected to grow by more than one-third over the period to 2035, with China, India and the Middle Eastern countries accounting for about 60% of the increase. Electricity demand is expected to grow by approximately 70% by 2035. This growth will be almost entirely in non-Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries, with India and China accounting for more than half that growth. What rising energy demand means for water Energy comes in different forms and can be produced in several ways, each having a distinct requirement for – and impact on – water resources. Thus, as a country’s or region’s energy mix evolves, from fossil fuels to renewables for example, so too do the implications on water and its supporting ecosystem services evolve. Approximately 90% of global power generation is water intensive. 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARYPDF Image | Water and Energy
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