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Water planners and decision-makers involved in assessing the water needs of the energy sector require a suitable level of knowledge about electricity generation and fuel extraction technologies and their potential impact on the resource. Energy planners and investors must take into account the complexities of the hydrological cycle and competing water uses when assessing plans and investments. Thematic challenges and responses There are many opportunities for the joint development and management of water and energy infrastructure and technologies that maximize co-benefits and minimize negative trade-offs. An array of opportunities exists to co-produce energy and water services and to exploit the benefits of synergies, such as combined power and desalination plants, combined heat and power plants, using alternative water sources for thermal power plant cooling, and even energy recovery from sewerage water. Besides the pursuit of new technical solutions, new political and economic frameworks need to be designed to promote cooperation and integrated planning among sectors. Innovative approaches to spending efficiency, such as cross-sector cooperation to leverage possible synergies, integrated planning for water and energy to decrease costs and ensure sustainability, assessing trade- offs at the national level, demand-side interventions, and decentralized services, can help overcome the infrastructure financing gap which, although significant for energy, is far greater for water. In the context of thermal power generation, there is an increasing potential for serious conflict between power, other water users and environmental considerations. Trade-offs can sometimes be reduced by technological advances, but these advances may carry trade-offs of their own. From a water perspective, solar photovoltaic and wind are clearly the most sustainable sources for power generation. However, in most cases, the intermittent service provided by solar photovoltaic and wind needs to be compensated for by other sources of power which, with the exception of geothermal, do require water to maintain load balances. Support for the development of renewable energy, which remains far below that for fossil fuels, will need to increase dramatically before it makes a significant change in the global energy mix, and by association, in water demand. Use of geothermal energy for power generation is underdeveloped and its potential is greatly underappreciated. It is climate independent, produces minimal or near-zero greenhouse gas emissions, does not consume water, and its availability is infinite at human time scales. Agriculture is currently the largest user of water at the global level, accounting for some 70% of total withdrawals. The food production and supply chain accounts for about one-third of total global energy consumption. The demand for agricultural feedstocks for biofuels is the largest source of new demand for agricultural production in decades, 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARYPDF Image | Water and Energy
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