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Water and energy are closely interconnected and highly interdependent. Choices made and actions taken in one domain can greatly affect the other, positively or negatively. Trade-offs need to be managed to limit negative impacts and foster opportunities for synergy. Water and energy have crucial impacts on poverty alleviation both directly, as a number of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) depend on major improvements in access to water, sanitation, power and energy sources, and indirectly, as water and energy can be binding constraints on economic growth – the ultimate hope for widespread poverty reduction. In view of the post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals, likely to include increased access to water and energy services, this fifth edition of the United Nations World Water Development Report seeks to inform decision- makers (inside and outside the water and energy domains), stakeholders and practitioners about the interlinkages, potential synergies and trade-offs, and to highlight the need for appropriate responses and regulatory frameworks that account for both water and energy priorities. The Report provides a comprehensive overview of major and emerging trends from around the world, with examples of how some of the trend-related challenges have been addressed, their implications for policy-makers, and further actions that can be taken by stakeholders and the international community. Part 1 of the Report, ‘Status, trends and challenges’, explores current and future challenges of sustainable development in the context of ever-increasing demands for water and energy. Chapter 1 describes many of the complex interlinkages between the water and energy domains from varied perspectives, highlighting their interdependencies and differences, as well as their relationships to other developmental sectors. Chapter 2 focuses on water, examining current and future demand and the pressures that drive demand as well as the energy requirements for the provision of water services. The chapter also provides a snapshot of the state of water resources using the latest information available. Chapter 3 examines sources of energy, both renewable and non- renewable, and existing means of power generation in terms of their current and future contribution to the global energy mix and their impact on water. Chapter 4 focuses on data and knowledge issues directly related to the water–energy nexus, highlighting the need to generate and harmonize data concerning the supply and use of water and energy production. In the future, growing demands on water resources resulting from population growth, economic development and urban expansion will create additional pressure on water intensive energy production. Climate change will add to the pressure. Droughts, heatwaves and local water scarcities of the past decade have interrupted electricity generation, with serious economic consequences. At the same time, limitations on energy availability have constrained the delivery of water services. Growing demand for finite water resources is also leading to increased competition between the energy sector and other water-using sectors of the economy, principally agriculture and industry. A very important aspect of the burgeoning global demand for water services is the resulting pressure on water resources and the degradation of freshwater ecosystems. Part 2, the ‘Thematic focus’, narrows the examination of water and energy into five specific themes. Chapter 5 looks into the economic aspects of water and energy infrastructure in developed and developing countries, highlighting some opportunities for synergies in infrastructure development, operation and maintenance. The challenges and response options faced by food and agriculture, including biofuels, in relation to water and energy are presented in Chapter 6. Chapter 7 focuses on the particular difficulties facing the large and rapidly expanding cities in developing countries. Chapter 8 describes the role of industry as both a user of water and energy but also a potential leader in the development of innovative approaches to efficiency. Part 2 concludes with Chapter 9, which argues that ecosystems are the foundation of the water–energy nexus and that an ecosystem approach is vital for green growth. ‘Regional aspects’ of water and energy are provided in Part 3. Issues of concern for Europe and North America, from expanding hydropower and its related conflicts to the development of unconventional sources of oil and gas, are presented in Chapter 10. Chapter 11 describes how increasing reliance on coal and the development of biofuel in the Asia-Pacific region will impact on water resources and other users. The need to increase knowledge and raise awareness for policy coherence and the potential of certain water supply and treatment technologies in the Arab region are addressed in Chapter 12. Chapter 13 examines hydropower development and the energy requirements for water services in Latin America and the Caribbean. Hydropower is also the focus of Chapter 14, which highlights the urgent need to increase access to WWDR 2014 9PDF Image | Water and Energy
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