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12 CHAPTER 1 STATUS, TRENDS AND CHALLENGES 1 The water–energy nexus WWAP | Richard Connor and James Winpenny Freshwater and energy are critical to human well-being and sustainable socio-economic development. Although initially overlooked by many, their essential roles in achieving progress towards every one of the MDGs are now widely recognized. Globally, demand for freshwater and energy will continue to increase significantly over the coming decades to meet the needs of increasing populations, growing economies, changing lifestyles and evolving consumption patterns. This will greatly amplify pressures on limited natural resources and ecosystems. The challenge will be most acute in countries undergoing accelerated transformation and rapid economic growth, especially where water resources are scarce or where water-related infrastructure and services are inadequate (Figure 1.1), and where modern energy services remain largely underdeveloped (Figure 1.2). Water and energy are strongly interlinked: water is required to produce, transport and use all forms of energy to some degree; and energy is required for the extraction, treatment and distribution of water, as well as its collection and treatment after use. Water and energy 1.1 Global physical and economic surface water scarcity FIGURE CHAPTER Little or no Physical Approaching physical Economic Not estimated water scarcity water scarcity water scarcity water scarcity • Little or no water scarcity. Abundant water resources relative to use, with less than 25% of water from rivers withdrawn for human purposes. • Physical water scarcity (water resources development is approaching or has exceeded sustainable limits). More than 75% of river flows are withdrawn for agriculture, industry and domestic purposes (accounting for recycling of return flows). This definition relating water availability to water demand implies that dry areas are not necessarily water scarce. • Approaching physical water scarcity. More than 60% of river flows are withdrawn. These basins will experience physical water scarcity in the near future. • Economic water scarcity (human, institutional and financial capital limit access to water even though water in nature is available locally to meet human demands). Water resources are abundant relative to water use, with less than 25% of water from rivers withdrawn for human purposes, but malnutrition exists. Source: Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture (2007, map 2, p. 11). © IWMI, used under licence.PDF Image | Water and Energy
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