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are also highly interdependent, with choices made in one domain having direct and indirect consequences on the other. The quantities of water required to produce energy are determined by the forms of energy production pursued; the allocation, use and management of freshwater resources can determine how much (or little) water is available for energy production. The choices made for water and energy can also impact other sectors, and vice versa. These interlinkages and interdependencies, along with their negative and positive externalities, lie at the heart of what has become known as the ‘water–energy nexus’. Major regional and global crises – climate, food, energy, financial – threatening the livelihood of many, including the three billion people living on less than US$2.50 per day, are interlinked through the water–energy nexus. The case of access to basic water and energy services illustrates this point. The same people who lack access to improved water and sanitation are also likely to lack access to electricity and rely on solid fuel for cooking (Table 1.1). Women and children represent a disproportional fraction of the unserved and underserved. Many people in the world still lack access to basic water and energy services. A 2013 report by WHO and UNICEF concluded that 768 million remain without access to an improved source of water and 2.5 billion people remain without access to improved sanitation, respectively (WHO/UNICEF, 2013a). The High-level Panel on the Post-2015 Development Agenda has indicated that 2 billion people do not have access to safe water (UN, 2013). The number of people whose right to water is not satisfied is even greater, probably in the order of 3.5 billion (Onda et al., 2012). More than 1.3 billion people worldwide still lack access to electricity, with more than 95% of them located in sub-Saharan Africa and developing Asia, and roughly 2.6 billion people rely on the traditional use of biomass for cooking (IEA, 2012a). Another estimated 400 million people rely on coal for cooking and heating purposes, which, like wood, charcoal, peat or other biomass, causes air pollution and has serious potential health implications when used in traditional stoves. It is no coincidence that the figures concerning access to water services and energy align so well; it is often the same people who are missing out on both. The close association between respiratory diseases caused by indoor air pollution and waterborne diseases like diarrhoea caused by lack of safe drinking water and sanitation is a point of evidence for this. Decisions made for water use and management and the production of energy can have significant, multifaceted 1.2 Energy consumption per capita by country, 2010 Note: BTU, British Thermal Unit. One million BTU approximately equals the energy derived from 30 litres of petrol. Source: Burn: An Energy Journal (http://burnanenergyjournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/WorldMap_EnergyConsumptionPerCapita2010_v4_ BargraphKey.jpg, from sources cited therein) (Accessed Oct 2013). Produced by Anrica Deb for SoundVision Productions®, used with permission. WWDR 2014 THE WATER–ENERGY NEXUS 13 FIGUREPDF Image | Water and Energy
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