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The decisions that determine how water resources are used (or abused) are not made by water managers alone, but stem from broader policy circles primarily concerned with food security, industrial and economic development, public health, financing and energy security, among others (WWAP, 2009, 2012). The challenge for twenty- first century governance is to take account of the multiple aspects and roles of water, and of the benefits derived from it, and to place water at the heart of decision-making. This report addresses this challenge by probing into the complex inter-relationships between water, energy and development, and by describing strategies and approaches to managing trade-offs and maximizing the benefits for the betterment of all. 1.1 Interlocking risks and uncertainties Risks to water resources lead to energy risks. Growing demand for limited water supplies increases pressure on water intensive energy producers to seek alternative approaches, especially in areas where energy is competing with other major water users (e.g. agriculture, manufacturing, drinking water and sanitation services for cities) and where water uses may be restricted to maintain healthy ecosystems. As growing water demand leads to increasing scarcity, it also leads to increasing urgency to manage trade-offs and maximize co-benefits across multiple sectors, including energy. The power sector’s dependence on water introduces vulnerabilities. Periods of water scarcity and elevated temperatures can force power plants to turn off or diminish their performance. As climate change induces 1.1 Population using solid fuel for cooking and without access to electricity, improved water and sanitation in a selection of countries (continued from p. 14) Electricity (national) Water (national) Sanitation (national) Argentina 0.8 3.7 Bolivia 10.1 13.2 12.0 53.7 29.0 (2007) Brazil 196.7 0.7 2.8 19.2 13.0 (2003) Colombia 46.9 2.6 7.1 21.9 15.0 (2005) 14.8 62.0 (2003) World 6 950.7 18.1 11.1 35.9 38.0 (2012) ** Note: * The reference year for the data is given in parentheses. ** Excludes coal. Source: Compiled by Engin Koncagül and Sisira Saddhamangala Withanachchi (WWAP), with data from a WHO/UNICEF (2013b, see http://www. wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/); b OECD/IEA (World Energy Outlook 2013 Electricity Access Database at http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/ media/weowebsite/energydevelopment/WEO2013Electricitydatabase.xlsx); and c WHO Global Health Observatory Data Repository – Solid cooking fuels by country at http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.136?lang=en. Cooking fuel (national) Population (2011)a (million) Population without access to electricity (2011)b (%) Population without access to improved water (2011)a (%) Population without access to improved sanitation (2011)a (%) Population using solid fuel for cooking*, c (%) Latin America 40.8 2.8 5.0 (2001) Guatemala Haiti Peru 18.1 6.2 19.8 10.1 72.1 36.0 73.9 94.0 (2005) Nicaragua 5.9 22.3 15.0 47.9 57.0 (2006) Middle East Iraq 32.7 2.0 15.1 16.1 5.0 (2005) Syrian Arab Republic 20.8 7.2 10.1 4.8 0.3 (2005) Yemen 29.4 24.8 10.3 60.1 14.7 45.2 28.4 47.0 37.0 (2007) 36.0 (2006) WWDR 2014 THE WATER–ENERGY NEXUS 15 TABLEPDF Image | Water and Energy
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