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more extreme weather events, the power sector might be exposed to higher levels of risk. Those impacts have already occurred in the energy sector globally, with many examples on all continents. Water constraints are among the determinants of where power plants are built and the choice of cooling systems. As water-related risks grow, these choices may become more limited and more critical. Conversely, projected climate change may also lower certain risks to electricity generation from hydropower in some areas (Hydro-Quebec, 2006; see also Section 13.1). Equally, uncertainties related to the growth and evolution of global energy production can introduce new and significant risks to water resources and other users. The emergence of unconventional sources of gas and oil (e.g. shale gas and bitumen), recurrent concerns about nuclear power generation, and policy shifts towards renewable forms of energy will have significant implications on the state, demand for, use and management of freshwater resources (Box 1.1). The response to growing energy demand can come at the expense of water resources sustainability, as in the case of shale oil and gas, biofuel and dewatering of aquifers to exploit coal seam gas, and vice versa desalination, expansion of pumped irrigation systems, or long-distance pumping of water for cities can increase energy needs. In terms of climate change mitigation, leading technologies for carbon capture and storage (CCS) are highly water intensive (Hussey et al., 2013). Sustainability of water resources is becoming a business risk for some energy managers. Multinationals and other large corporations are increasingly interested in their water footprints and how to minimize them.1 In its 2013 Global Risks Report, the World Economic Forum ranks the ‘water supply crisis’ as the fourth crisis in likelihood and second in impact, a marked elevation from its rank in previous reports (WEF, 2013). 1 For example, in the Water Footprint Network. 1.1 The evolution of the global energy mix and its implications for water Global efforts to mitigate climate change and address energy security concerns, including the United Nations Secretary- General’s ‘Sustainable Energy for All’ initiative (http://www.sustainableenergyforall.org), are driving the expansion of renewables in the aggregated global energy mix. Many nations have subscribed to this agenda with ambitious targets to double the share of renewables in the mix by 2030. Certain types of renewable energy, such as wind and solar photovoltaic (PV) power, have very low carbon footprints and consume little water. Other types of renewable energy, such as concentrated solar power and biofuels, can consume large quantities of water. Geothermal energy holds much promise in certain places but it remains grossly underdeveloped. Hydropower is in a class of its own because of the large quantities of water required to be stored and uncertainties regarding the amounts of water consumed as evaporative losses from reservoirs, not to mention hydropower’s unique environmental and social impacts. Meeting ever-growing energy demands will require seeking coherence between water use and climate change mitigation. In terms of electrical power generation, the intermittency of the two most rapidly expanding renewable sources, wind and solar PV, poses a challenge: How will secure load balances on larger grids be maintained against the backdrop of ever- increasing demand? Two options are currently more feasible and cost-effective than others: hydropower and thermal power (natural gas in particular). Both options have their advantages and disadvantages from water resource and climate change perspectives, as well as broader social, environmental and economic implications. Hydropower is arguably the best option in terms of energy storage and quick dispatch power required for counterbalancing the intermittency of other renewables. Yet, in several places, including the European Union, where nuclear power has come under disfavour and potential exists for expanding hydropower, tendencies are that these gaps are increasingly filled by (imported) natural gas. This trend is counterbalancing aspirations for energy security and self-sufficiency as well as climate change mitigation. Sub-Saharan Africa, which has not yet tapped in to its rich potential for hydropower development to a substantial degree (Chapter 14) is in a prime position to benefit from the current drive towards renewable energy. Exploring the African potential of developing and enhancing regional power-pools, integrating grid networks, and enabling benefit sharing and trading to meet water and energy security and regional economic growth could also bring the add-on effects of increased peace and political and economic stability. Source: Andreas Lindström, SIWI, and Richard Connor, WWAP. 16 CHAPTER 1 STATUS, TRENDS AND CHALLENGES BOxPDF Image | Water and Energy
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