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1.2 Differences and divergences In the simplest of terms, water is a renewable natural resource that is unique, irreplaceable and difficult (as well as costly) to move, beyond the pull of gravity. Energy, in contrast, comes in different forms, which can be derived from a variety of sources. It is typically a market-driven commodity and can be distributed across vast distances (e.g. via transmission lines for electricity or pipelines for fuels). When considering water’s role in the nexus, it is necessary to distinguish between water resources and water services, and how both are managed. Water resources management is about managing the water cycle, in which water flows as a natural resource through the environment (i.e. rivers, lakes, estuaries and other water bodies, soils and aquifers), in terms of quantity and quality. Water services management is about developing and managing infrastructure to capture, treat as necessary, transport and deliver water to the end user, and to capture the waste streams via reticulation for treatment and safe onwards discharge or reuse. Whereas energy is required mainly for the provision of water services, water resources are required in the production of energy. Unlike water, energy can come in different forms and can be produced in several ways, each having a distinct requirement for – and impact on – water resources. Thus, as a country’s or region’s energy mix evolves, say from fossil fuels to renewables, so do the implications for water and its supporting ecosystem services. countries, local farmers make day-to-day decisions about well pumping for irrigation and national/federal control over water uses is weak, while centrally managed power systems are used for distributing electricity. In addition to a mismatch in the regulatory and policy systems of water and energy, there is also a mismatch in the size of infrastructure. With the exception of large dams, reservoirs and inter-basin water diversion schemes, water infrastructure systems are usually at the community or city scale (for piped drinking water and sewerage systems). Energy infrastructure, including pipeline networks and the power grid, usually spans the entire nation or several nations. This mismatch can introduce vulnerabilities to both systems. Water resources and water services systems span several geographic scales. While the piped water system is usually at the municipal scale, surface water can span thousands of kilometres, threading through many cities and crossing many political and national boundaries. The transboundary character of natural surface water systems complicates allocation decisions, as multiple government bodies might need to coordinate their actions across different regulatory frameworks and Whereas energy is required mainly for the provision of water services, water resources are required in the production of energy In general, regulation and legislation regarding energy focuses on production and distribution, whereas for water the focus is mainly on extraction, use and discharge (Section 8.4.5). In most countries, approaches to energy decision-making and regulation are top-down, with strong national/federal or provincial/state governmental policies and central administration of many standards and funding. Water management is usually a combination of bottom-up and top-down approaches. National/federal water management can be responsible for managing large infrastructure such as major reservoir projects that serve as storage for irrigation and power generation as well as ensuring water allotments across international/interjurisdictional boundaries. However, the uses of that water are often determined locally, and local water management can be very powerful (for more on the governance of water, see WWAP, 2003 [ch. 15], 2006 [ch. 2], 2009 [chs. 14, 15], 2012 [pt. 2]). In most political systems. Because the original source of water might be far away, significant energy investments are typically required to deliver water resources and services to consumers. Groundwater can also span large regions, further complicating matters. In some regions, laws and international agreements governing groundwater (when they exist) can be different than those for surface water. In contrast, the power grid and pipeline network does not follow natural boundaries such as river basins. Energy can be moved relatively easily: electricity is transmitted readily via power lines, and dense fossil fuels such as petroleum, coal and liquefied natural gas are shipped across oceans or transported across continents by pipelines or railways. While water can be moved via inter-basin transfer, because of water’s high WWDR 2014 THE WATER–ENERGY NEXUS 17PDF Image | Water and Energy
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