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associated with integrated water resources management (Stakhiv, 2011). Government policies concerning water and water-related sectors, including agriculture and energy, as well as environmental protection, can obviously exacerbate or alleviate pressures on water resources. The challenge facing government lies in better coordinated planning and assessing trade- offs at the national level (Chapter 5). Investment by both the public and the private sectors will be a determining factor for the levels to which the provision of water and water-related services will increase. Consumer demand and increasing standards of living are driving increased demand for water, most notably by middle income households in developing and emerging economies through their greater demand for food, energy and other goods, the production of which can require significant quantities of water 2.2 Current global water demand and projected increases Data on water use (withdrawals and consumption)6 and quality are very often outdated, limited or unavailable. When available, they are often based on estimates rather than actual measurements. Globally, total freshwater withdrawals are believed to have increased by about 1% per year between 1987 and 2000, based on data obtained from FAO AQUASTAT. It is reasonable to assume this trend overall has continued since then at a similar rate to the present. Annual freshwater withdrawals appear to have stabilized or even declined in the majority of the world’s most highly developed countries, suggesting improvements in efficiency and increasing reliance on the importation of water intensive goods, including food (Gleick and Palaniappan, 2010). This also suggests that the 1% annual global increase has been occurring almost exclusively in developing countries. Agriculture accounts for roughly 70% of total freshwater withdrawals globally, with the industrial and domestic sectors accounting for the remaining 20% and 10%, respectively, although these figures vary considerably across countries. More-developed countries have a much larger proportion of freshwater withdrawals for industry than less-developed countries, where agriculture dominates. Agriculture accounts for more than 90% of freshwater withdrawals in most of the world’s least- developed countries (LDCs) (FAO, 2011a). Historically, ‘energy’ (fuel and power generation) has not normally been considered as a stand-alone sector when reporting on water use. Water use for energy has most often been embedded in ‘industry’. However, the IEA has estimated global water withdrawals for energy production in 2010 accounted for roughly 15% of the world total (IEA 2012a), or roughly 75% of all industrial water withdrawals. While there is wide recognition for the need to allocate water to ecosystems (WWAP, 2009), and significant progress has been made on methodologies to quantify ecosystem requirements (Poff et al., 2010), there is less systematic information on where and to what extent the maintenance of environmental flows has actually been applied. The global demand for water is expected to grow significantly for all major water use sectors, with the largest proportion of this growth occurring in countries with developing or emerging economies. However, quantifying potential increases in water demand is extremely difficult, as ‘there are major uncertainties about the amount of water required to meet the [growing] demand for food, energy and other human uses, and to sustain ecosystems’ (WWAP, 2012, p. 2). Without improved efficiencies, agricultural water consumption is expected to increase by about 20% globally by 2050 (WWAP, 2012). Domestic and industrial water demands are also expected to increase, especially in cities and countries undergoing accelerated economic growth and social development. Water demand for energy will certainly increase as energy demand is expected to increase by more than one-third in the period 2010–2035, with countries outside the Organisation for Economic 6 Withdrawal is the total amount of water taken from a lake, river or aquifer for any purpose. Consumption is the fraction of withdrawn water that is lost in transmission, evaporation, absorption or chemical transformation, or otherwise made unavailable for other purposes as a result of human use. WWDR 2014 WATER: DEMANDS, ENERGY REQUIREMENTS AND AVAILABILITY 23PDF Image | Water and Energy
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