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The global demand for water is expected to grow significantly for all major water use sectors, with the largest proportion of this growth occurring in countries with developing or emerging economies. Co-operation and Development (OECD) accounting for 90% of demand (IEA, 2012a) (Chapter 3). According to the OECD, in the absence of new policies (i.e. the Baseline Scenario), freshwater availability will be increasingly strained through 2050, with 2.3 billion more people than today (in total more than 40% of the global population) projected to be living in areas subjected to severe water stress, especially in North and South Africa and South and Central Asia. Global water demand in terms of water withdrawals is projected to increase by some 55% due to growing demands from manufacturing (400%), thermal electricity generation (140%) and domestic use (130%) (OECD, 2012a) (Figure 2.1). It should be noted that these calculations do not take environmental flows into account, necessary for the future delivery of water supply and water-based ecosystem services. 2.3 Energy requirements for water provision Energy is required for two components of water provision: pumping and treatment. The energy needed for pumping water depends on elevation change (including depth in the case of groundwater), distance, pipe diameter and friction. Pumping water requires a lot of energy because of its high density. The amount of energy needed in water and wastewater treatment processes varies greatly and is dependent upon factors such as the quality of the source water, the nature of any contamination, and the types of treatment used by the facility (Section 7.3). Different levels of treatment are required for different uses. Drinking water typically requires extensive treatment, and once used, it needs to be treated again to reach a standard safe for return to the environment. Many of these steps are highly energy intensive. Some treatment processes, such as ultraviolet (UV), consume relatively little energy (0.01–0.04 kWh/m3). More sophisticated techniques, such as reverse osmosis, require larger amounts (1.5–3.5 kWh/m3). Water for agriculture generally requires little or no treatment, so energy requirements are mainly for pumping (Section 6.4). Globally, the amount of energy used for irrigation is directly related to the enormous quantities of water required for irrigation and the irrigation methods used. 2.1 Global water demand (freshwater withdrawals): Baseline Scenario, 2000 and 2050 6 000 5 000 4 000 3 000 2 000 1 000 0 2000 2050 2000 2050 2000 2050 2000 2050 OECD BRIICS ROW World Irrigation Domestic Livestock Manufacturing Electricity Note: BRIICS, Brazil, Russia, India, Indonesia, China, South Africa; OECD, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development; ROW, rest of the world. This graph only measures ‘blue water’ demand and does not consider rainfed agriculture. Source: OECD (2012a, fig. 5.4, p. 217, output from IMAGE). OECD Environmental Outlook to 2050 © OECD. 2.2 Amount of energy required to provide 1 m3 water safe for human consumption from various water sources Lake or river: 0.37 kWh/m3 Groundwater: 0.48 kWh/m3 Wastewater treatment: 0.62–0.87 kWh/m3 Wastewater reuse: 1.0–2.5 kWh/m3 Seawater: 2.58–8.5 kWh/m3 Note: This diagram does not incorporate critical elements such as the distance the water is transported or the level of efficiency, which vary greatly from site to site. Source: WBSCD (2009, fig. 5, p. 14, based on source cited therein). 24 CHAPTER 2 STATUS, TRENDS AND CHALLENGES km3 FIGURE FIGUREPDF Image | Water and Energy
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