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2.4 Water stress of aquifers important for farming Increasing groundwater stress Source: Gleeson et al. (2012, fig. 1, as appears in Nature News, http://www.nature.com/news/demand-for-water-outstrips-supply-1.11143#/ref-link-1). adding to water stress in several areas (Figure 2.4) and compromising the availability of groundwater to serve as a buffer against local supply shortages. Water quality is also a key determinant of water availability, although potable water is not required for all purposes. Polluted (or saline) water cannot be used for several crucial purposes such as drinking and hygiene. However, for other purposes such as agriculture and certain industries, use of slightly polluted water or partially treated wastewater can be considered. This provides an opportunity to use reclaimed wastewater and stormwater, reducing the cost and energy consumption associated with water treatment (Section 7.4.2). Although there have been some local successes in improving water quality (mainly in developed countries), there are no data to suggest an overall improvement in water quality at the global scale. Deterioration of wetlands There is clear evidence that groundwater supplies are diminishing, with an estimated 20% of the world’s aquifers being over-exploited, some massively so. Globally, the rate of groundwater abstraction is increasing by 1% to 2% per year. worldwide further contributes to reduced potential in ecosystems’ capacity to purify water. It is estimated that more than 80% of used water worldwide – and up to 90% in developing countries – is neither collected nor treated (WWAP, 2012), threatening human and environmental health. WWDR 2014 WATER: DEMANDS, ENERGY REQUIREMENTS AND AVAILABILITY 27 FIGUREPDF Image | Water and Energy
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