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Hydroelectricity is currently the largest renewable source for power generation in the world, meeting 16% of global electricity needs in 2010 downstream of the plant once it has run through the turbines or when the reservoir has been filled. Data on water consumption by hydropower are widely inconsistent (WWAP, 2012, box 2.1) and initiatives are exploring the need and methods for apportionment of the consumed water to the various services of the reservoir. The amount of water consumed via seepage and evaporation is determined by climate, physical characteristics of the reservoir, and allocations to other uses, which are site- specific and variable. ‘Run-of-the-river’ hydroelectric plants consume minimal water. They return temporarily diverted water to the running water source, and do not require reservoirs. At the moment, however, they are too small in scale to supply large amounts of energy (Glassman et al., 2011) and are therefore best suited to provide power at the community level. Beyond electricity generation, hydropower, and more specifically reservoirs, can also provide storage for dry spells, and they support flood management, navigation and recreation. Problems can arise due to the different timings throughout the year when releases of water are required for different purposes. Large-scale hydroelectric plants around the world have been criticized for a number of reasons, including damage to the environment and biodiversity, loss of cultural and historical sites, and social disruption (Glassman et al., 2011) (see Section 9.2.1 for more on the impacts of hydropower on ecosystems). [ See Chapters 19 and 23 (Volume 2) for the case studies ‘Hydropower development in Eastern Herzegovina: The Trebišnjica Multipurpose Hydrosystem’ and ‘The role of hydroelectric power stations in the aftermath of the Great East Japan Earthquake’, respectively. ] Hydroelectricity is currently the largest renewable source for power generation in the world, meeting 16% of global electricity needs in 2010 (IEA, 2012a) (Figure 3.5). The recent rate of growth in electricity generation from additional hydro capacities has been similar to that of all other renewables combined (Figure 3.9) (IEA, 2012b). In 2010,11 the global 11 The most recent single year for which such data were available at the time of writing this report. 3.9 Electricity generation from recent additions to hydropower and other renewables 600 600 500 500 400 400 300 300 200 200 100 100 00 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Hydropower Wind Bioenergy Solar Geothermal Source: IEA (2012b, fig. 3, p. 12, from source cited therein). Technology Roadmap: Hydropower 2012 © OECD/IEA. 38 CHAPTER 3 STATUS, TRENDS AND CHALLENGES TWh TWh FIGUREPDF Image | Water and Energy
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