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production of hydroelectricity was estimated to have increased by more than 5% (IRENA, 2012b). Hydropower, when associated with water storage in reservoirs, can store energy over weeks, months, seasons or years. Because spinning turbines can be ramped up more rapidly than any other generation source, hydropower (and pumped storage) can contribute to the stability of the electrical system by providing the full range of ancillary services required for the high penetration of variable renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar (IRENA, 2012b). Pumped storage hydroelectricity is a type of generation used by some power plants. These plants make use of low- cost off-peak energy to adjust to variations in demand and to balance the load. They are a net consumer of energy. They draw electricity from the grid to lift the water up, then return most of the water later, with a round-trip energy efficiency of 70% to 85% (IEA, 2012b). It has been estimated that more than 127,000 MW of pumped storage capacity was operating worldwide in 2009, and this was expected to grow 60% through 2014 (Montoya, 2009). Pumped storage currently represents 99% of on-grid electricity storage (EPRI, 2010). According to Kumar et al. (2011), the percentage of undeveloped technical potential for hydropower is highest in Africa (92%), followed by Asia (80%), Australasia/ Oceania (80%) and Latin America (74%) (Figure 3.10). However, only about two-thirds of estimated total technical potential is believed to be economically feasible (Table 3.3) (Aqua-Media International Ltd, 2012). Hydropower’s share in total electricity generation is expected to remain around 15% through 2035 (IEA, 3.10 Regional hydropower technical potential in terms of annual generation and installed capacity, and percentage of undeveloped technical potential in 2009 FIGURE WWDR 2014 ENERGY’S THIRST FOR WATER 39 North America 388 1659 61%* GW TWh/year World Hydropower Technical Potential: 14 576 TWh/year Technical Potential Capacity (GW) Generation (TWh/year) Installed (%) *Undeveloped (%) Latin America 608 2856 74%* GW TWh/year Europe 338 1021 47%* GW TWh/year Africa 283 1174 92%* GW TWh/year Asia 2037 7681 80%* GW TWh/year Australasia/ Oceania 67 185 80%* GW TWh/year Source: Kumar et al. (2011, fig. 5.2, p. 445, based on source cited therein). © IPCC.PDF Image | Water and Energy
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