PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 056
Wind and solar PV consume negligible amounts of water, yet they provide an intermittent service that needs to be compensated for by other sources of power (which do require water) to maintain load balances on larger grids 2012a), keeping pace with the overall growth rate of power generation. Nearly 90% of the expected increase in hydropower production between 2010 and 2035 would be in non-OECD countries, where the remaining potential is higher and growth in electricity demand is strongest. Most incremental increases in hydropower output are expected to come from large projects in emerging economies and developing countries in Asia and Latin America, notably in China, India and Brazil (IEA, 2012a). In Asia and particularly in Africa, lack of financing and of operational capacity, combined with political and market risks, create major challenges to hydropower development (Chapters 11, 14). Uncertainty remains with respect to how various social and environmental issues may affect the rate of hydropower development in these regions. 3.3.4 Solar and wind power Broadly, there are two primary categories of solar technologies. One, solar photovoltaic (PV), converts solar energy directly into electricity. Like wind, solar PV generally consumes minimal water (Figure 3.8), mainly in the production stage and during cleaning and maintenance. The other, concentrated solar power (CSP), commonly known as ‘solar thermal’, concentrates solar rays to produce steam to power turbines. Using the same type of cooling system (and assuming today’s generation of technology and cleaning frequency), CSP consumes approximately five times more water per unit energy than a gas-fired power plant, two times more than a coal-fired plant and 1.5 times more than a nuclear plant (Glassman et al., 2011). There are efforts to reduce this need for water in many aspects of solar thermal systems, ranging from mirrors to fluids and thermal storage. Dry cooling (Section 3.3.1) is already being implemented in some CSP power plants around the world, including the Ain Beni Mathar CSP-CC power plant in Morocco (Abengoa Solar, n.d.). During the period 2000–2010, electricity generation from wind grew by 27% and from solar PV by 42% per year on average (IEA, 2012a). While hydropower and geothermal electricity produced at optimal sites are still among the cheapest ways of generating electricity, the levelized12 cost of electricity is declining for wind, solar PV, CSP and some biomass technologies (IRENA, 2013). Wind and solar power are expected to continue expand rapidly over the next 20 years (IEA, 2012a). 12 The ‘levelized cost of energy’ is the constant price per unit of energy that causes the investment to break even. 3.3 Economically feasible hydropower potential, installed capacity and power generation by region Economically feasible hydropower potential (GWh/year) Installed hydrocapacity (MW) Hydro generation in 2011 or average/most recent (GWh/year) Africa 842 077 25 908 112 163 Asia 4 688 747 444 194 1 390 800 Australasia/Oceania 88 700 13 327 39 394 Europe 842 805 181 266 531 152 North America 1 055 889 140 339 681 496 South America 1 676 794 140 495 712 436 World 9 195 041 975 528 3 467 440 Source: WWAP, with data from Aqua-Media International Ltd (2012). 40 CHAPTER 3 STATUS, TRENDS AND CHALLENGES TABLEPDF Image | Water and Energy
PDF Search Title:
Water and EnergyOriginal File Name Searched:
225741e.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |