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In a study comparing various sources of renewable energy in terms of environmental and social impacts, wind power turned out to be the most sustainable, mainly because of its low GHG emissions and water consumption (Evans et al., 2009). Wind and solar PV consume negligible amounts of water, yet they provide an intermittent service that needs to be compensated for by other sources of power (which do require water) to maintain load balances on larger grids. Climate information is critical for the safety and basic operations of these renewable energy sources (as well as hydropower) to ensure consistency and cost-effectiveness of power generation. 3.3.5 Geothermal power Although geothermal power plants have been reported to generally use and consume less water per kilowatt- hour of lifetime energy output than other electric power generation technologies (Clark et al., 2010), actual water requirements are highly variable from site to site (Figure 3.8) based on well depth and technology used, among other factors. The relative growth in wind and solar energy has in recent years outstripped that of geothermal energy, reflecting strong investment for research and development in those sectors. In contrast to wind and solar power plants, however, geothermal power plants are well suited to producing a balanced and highly efficient electrical base load (van der Gun et al., 2012). [ See Chapters 22 and 29 (Volume 2) for the case studies ‘A science-based tool for integrating geothermal resources into regional energy planning in Umbria, Italy’ and ‘The use of and prospects for geothermal energy in Turkey’. ] Considering the average thermal gradient of Earth, the potential for developing low to medium temperature geothermal resources (from a few degrees above ambient temperature to 150°C) for direct thermal uses is present in most parts of the world. High temperature resources capable of electricity generation (ranging from 150°C to more than 300°C) being linked to crustal thermal anomalies are rarer. They have been identified in some 90 countries, and quantified records of their utilization exist for 79 countries. Geothermal electricity is generated in 24 countries, providing a significant proportion (5% to 26%) of the national electricity balance in nine of them. Ten developing countries are among the top 16 countries in geothermal electricity production (Bertani, 2012) (Figure 3.11). 3.11 Worldwide installed capacity for geothermal electricity in 2010 Germany 7 MW Iceland 575 MW France 16 MW Portugal 29 MW Italy 843 MW Austria 1 MW Turkey 91 MW USA 3098 MW Mexico 958 MW Guatemala 52 MW El Salvador 204 MW Russia 82 MW China 24 MW Nicaragua 88 MW Japan 535 MW 762 MW Note: Worldwide total: 10.9 GW. Source: Bertani (2012, fig. 2, p. 3). Costa Rica 166 MW Ethiopia 7 MW Thailand 0.3 MW Indonesia 1197 MW Philippines 1904 MW Papua New Guinea 56 MW New Zealand Kenya 202 MW Australia 1 MW WWDR 2014 ENERGY’S THIRST FOR WATER 41 FIGUREPDF Image | Water and Energy
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