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and countries of the world. This is especially so in the countries of Europe and in China, India and the USA. This has triggered concern in the US Administration (US GAO, 2009). Concern is also spreading about the compatibility of China’s energy plans with its water availability (IEA, 2012a, ch. 17; Larson, 2010, 2012). A common view is that raw water drawn for thermal power and industrial cooling purposes is non- consumptive, because nearly all of it is returned to public water bodies for use by other sectors. For the most common forms of cooling (once-through/open-loop), large volumes of water are abstracted, but only a small percentage is actually consumed (Section 3.3.1). Concerns about the use of water by thermal power stations centre on several key issues. First, the release of large volumes of heated water from open-loop power plants into natural watercourses affects fish and other wildlife, which raises environmental concerns (Section 9.2.4). Second, the abstraction, transport, storage and release of the cooling water can be highly disruptive for other local water users. Third, for the alternative, closed- loop thermal power stations, consumptive use is much higher – 50% or more (Kenny et al., 2009). This cooling technology is spreading, especially in water scarce areas. The water footprint of thermal power generation extends to its main source of primary energy – whether coal, oil or gas.13 For countries such as China and India, where a high proportion of electricity is from coal-fired power stations (80% in China), the water required for coal mining operations (Figure 3.1) is a major additional factor to be considered. In the transportation fuels sector, much of the world is moving away from conventional petroleum- based fuels (petrol and diesel, relatively water-lean to produce). Many nations are selecting more water intensive options, such as unconventional fossil fuels (from hydraulic fracturing, coal-to-liquids or oil sands), biofuels and electricity. Even electric powered transportation is water intensive because of water requirements at the power plant. It is unrealistic and unfair to expect all the adjustment to fall on a single water user, such as thermal power generation. Actions by other major water users are necessary too. As described in Part 2 of this report, there is major scope for reducing the water footprints of agriculture, industry and cities as well. However, with energy (and thermal power in particular) expected to be the fastest growing water demand sector over the next few decades, it is imperative that the water implications of energy options such as thermal power are taken into consideration. 13 Nuclear power is a special case. WWDR 2014 ENERGY’S THIRST FOR WATER 43PDF Image | Water and Energy
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