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4 Data challenges and opportunities WWAP | Richard Connor, Arjen Y. Hoekstra and Engin Koncagül This chapter focuses on data issues directly related to the water–energy nexus.14 Generally speaking, aggregated data on energy are available with much greater fidelity and abundance than are data on water. Top-level annual estimates for energy consumption by fuel exist at the national level for most countries, allowing for informed decision-making in terms of energy policy as well as for financial, economic, environmental and welfare policy, among others. In addition, because some forms of energy – namely oil, gas and coal – have a global market, trade statistics are available that can be used to track global production and consumption by country. The World Bank and IEA track top-level statistics based on energy trade, as does the British Petroleum Statistical Review. No such market-related parallel exists for water. In the industrialized countries, data are also available on a frequently updated basis (weekly for petroleum, monthly for electricity and other forms of energy) for energy production and consumption according to fuel type and end use. This provides these countries with a net competitive advantage over developing countries that may not have the governmental structures or capacities necessary for such systematic data collection and analysis. Even where energy data are collected in great detail, however, the resolution and extent of the data are not aligned with water data. From a water management point of view, it is important to know whether, for instance, desalination is done using fossil fuels or solar energy. For water resources, monitoring availability and use represents an immense and ongoing challenge, especially given their variable distribution over time and space For water resources, monitoring availability and use represents an immense and ongoing challenge, especially given their variable distribution over time and space. Traditional statistics assessing the relative water intensity of major water uses (domestic, industry, agriculture) are often unsatisfactory when one is interested in the final goal of allocating water resources to different sectors. This is especially unsatisfactory regarding energy, which appears to account for 75% of all industrial withdrawals (Section 2.2). There are often too few metrics upon which to make informed decisions or to track any outcomes of water productivity improvement measures. In many cases, relevant water datasets may be non-existent, out of date, limited or filled with errors. And when available, water use statistics are generally limited to gross water withdrawals, while it is often more relevant to know the net water consumption. Lack of data puts water resources management at a political disadvantage in terms of priority decision- making. While energy may be perceived as ‘big business’ (Section 1.3.2), the central role of water in socio- economic development remains under-acknowledged (WWAP, 2012). As a result, many of the decisions made and implementation mechanisms adopted with respect to energy (e.g. improved efficiency, economic growth, enhanced service coverage or benefitting the impoverished) fail to take proper account of the impact of these actions on water resources or the different benefits to other water users. Water and energy use accounts offer a limited means for understanding the critical links between the water and energy domains. An often-overlooked issue in the water-for-energy debate is whether water requirements are expressed per unit of gross or net energy output. For example, existing agricultural water use statistics make it hard to determine how much water is actually used 14 For a detailed discussion of data availability on water resources and their use, see WWAP (2009, ch. 13 and 2012, ch. 6). 44 CHAPTER 4 STATUS, TRENDS AND CHALLENGES CHAPTERPDF Image | Water and Energy
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