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of investment and operation and maintenance (O&M) spending is required. Infrastructure gaps exist in the majority of countries, however, the gap is especially large in low income countries (Figure 5.2). Estimates suggest that developing countries will require US$1.1 trillion in annual expenditure through 2015 to meet growing demand for infrastructure (World Bank, 2011). This is more than double their $500 billion annual spending (Qureshi, 2011). These estimates are even higher if climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies are incorporated. Funding gaps threaten economic growth and could lead to an increase in the number of people living in poverty. Regarding energy infrastructure, the IEA has estimated that nearly $1 trillion in cumulative investment ($49 billion per year) will be needed to achieve universal energy access by 2030 (IEA, 2012a). It also concludes that in a business-as-usual scenario, one billion people will remain without access to electricity by 2030. Investment requirements for water infrastructure are even higher. For developing countries alone, it has been estimated that $103 billion per year are required to finance water, sanitation and wastewater treatment through 2015 (Yepes, 2008). Middle income countries such as Brazil, China and India are all already committing considerable resources to develop their infrastructure. Traditionally, most infrastructure services have been provided by the public sector. It is estimated that 75% of water infrastructure investments in developing countries comes from public sources (Rodriguez et al., 2012). Nevertheless, given the infrastructure financing gap, the public sector alone cannot provide enough funding to satisfy the needs of the increasing demand for services. Private capital must be involved to close the gap. Private investors are, however, usually reluctant to invest in infrastructure projects, including those relating to water and energy, due to the risks involved such as a long pay-off period, lumpy investments and the sunk nature of the investment. When they do invest, they prefer to work in middle income countries where the risk is lower and capacities are high, leaving low income countries dependent on volatile public budgets and donor commitments. There is a need for an environment that enables private investment in infrastructure in tandem with the public sector to promote sustainable service delivery, especially in the poorest countries. Such an environment includes, among other features, coordinating efforts by the private sector, governments and international institutions; enhancing capacity-building Funding gaps threaten economic growth and could lead to an increase in the number of people living in poverty. Regarding energy infrastructure, the IEA has estimated that nearly $1 trillion in cumulative investment ($49 billion per year) will be needed to achieve universal energy access by 2030. It also concludes that in a business- as-usual scenario, one billion people will remain without access to electricity by 2030. of local institutions; improving public spending and its monitoring; and reducing investment inefficiencies and helping utilities to move towards cost recovery. Tools governments can use to attract and leverage private financing include public expenditure reviews and results- based financing (Rodriguez et al., 2012). International organizations have an important role in fostering mutually beneficial public–private partnerships, enabling the implementation of sound governance frameworks, and promoting sustainable and integrated planning so that future infrastructure is lower in maintenance, less expensive and more efficient. Given the limited resources and the size of the financing gap (which, although significant for energy, is far greater for water), it is crucial to ensure that investments are as efficient and as cost-effective as possible. Spending efficiency is a chronic problem in many developing countries. Recent work by the IEA (2010) suggests that in 2008, energy consumption subsidies added up to more than US$550 billion globally, but much of it was not properly targeted and provided limited benefits to the poor (Toman et al., 2011). It is important to explore innovative approaches to spending efficiency, such as cross-sector cooperation to leverage possible synergies, integrated planning for water and energy to decrease costs and ensure sustainability, trade-off assessment at the national level, demand-side interventions and decentralized services. WWDR 2014 INFRASTRUCTURE 49PDF Image | Water and Energy
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